Thursday, February 26, 2015

Ethiopia: Amnesty International Report 2014/15

February 25, 2015
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Head of state: Mulatu Teshome Wirtu
Head of government: Hailemariam Desalegn
Freedom of expression continued to be subject to serious restrictions. The government was hostile to suggestions ofAmnesty International Report 2014/15 dissent, and often made pre-emptive arrests to prevent dissent from manifesting. Independent media publications were subject to further attack. Peaceful protesters, journalists, and members of opposition political parties were arbitrarily arrested. The Charities and Societies Proclamation continued to obstruct the work of human rights organizations. Arbitrary detention and torture and other ill-treatment were widespread, often used as part of a system for silencing actual or suspected dissent.

Background

Economic growth continued apace, along with significant foreign investment including in the agriculture, construction and manufacturing sectors, large-scale development projects such as hydroelectric dam building and plantations, and widespread land-leasing, often to foreign companies.
The government used multiple channels and methods to enforce political control on the population, including politicizing access to job and education opportunities and development assistance, and high levels of physical and technological surveillance.
The politicization of the investigative branch of the police and of the judiciary meant that it was not possible to receive a fair hearing in politically motivated trials.
Federal and regional security services were responsible for violations throughout the country, including arbitrary arrests, the use of excessive force, torture  and extrajudicial executions. They operated with near-total impunity.
Armed opposition groups remained in several parts of the country or in neighbouring countries, although in most cases with small numbers of fighters and low levels of activity.
Access to some parts of the Somali region continued to be severely restricted. There were continuing reports of serious violations of human rights, including arbitrary arrests and extrajudicial executions. There were also multiple allegations of the rape of women and girls by members of the security services.

Excessive use of force ‒ extrajudicial executions

In April and May, protests took place across Oromia region against a proposed “Integrated Master Plan” to expand the capital Addis Ababa into Oromia regional territory. The government said the plan would bring services to remote areas, but many Oromo people feared it would damage the interests of Oromo farmers and lead to large-scale displacement.
Security services, comprising federal police and military special forces, responded with excessive force, firing live ammunition at protesters in Ambo and Guder towns and Wallega and Madawalabu universities, resulting in the deaths of at least 30 people, including children. Hundreds of people were beaten by security service agents during and after the protests, including protesters, bystanders, and parents of protesters for failing to “control” their children, resulting in scores of injuries.
Thousands of people were arbitrarily arrested. Large numbers were detained without charge for several months, and some were held incommunicado. Hundreds were held in unofficial places of detention, including Senkele police training camp. Some detainees were transferred to Maikelawi federal police detention centre in Addis Ababa. Over 100 people continued to be detained in Kelem Wallega, Jimma and Ambo by security service agents after courts ordered their release on bail or unconditionally.
Many of those arrested were released after varying detention periods, between May and October, but others were denied bail, or remained in detention without charge. Others, including students and members of the Oromo Federalist Congress (OFC) opposition political party, were prosecuted and convicted in rapid trials on various charges relating to the protests.

Freedom of expression, arbitrary arrests and detentions

2014 saw another onslaught on freedom of expression and suggestions of dissent, including further targeting of the independent media and arrests of opposition political party members and peaceful protesters. Several attempts by opposition political parties to stage demonstrations were obstructed by the authorities. The Anti-Terrorism Proclamation continued to be used to silence dissidents. Opposition party members were increasingly targeted ahead of the 2015 general election.
In late April, six bloggers of the Zone 9 collective and three independent journalists associated with the group were arrested in Addis Ababa, two days after the group announced the resumption of activities, which had been suspended due to significant harassment. For nearly three months, all nine were held in the underground section of Maikelawi, denied access to family members and other visitors, and with severely restricted access to lawyers.
In July, they were charged with terrorism offences, along with another Zone 9 member charged in their absence. The charge sheet cited among their alleged crimes the use of “Security in a Box” – a selection of open-source software and materials created to assist human rights defenders, particularly those working in repressive environments.
Six of the group said they were forced to sign confessions. Three complained in remand hearings that they had been tortured, but the court did not investigate their complaints. The trial continued at the end of 2014.
Early in 2014, a “study” conducted by the national Press Agency and Ethiopian News Agency and published in the government-run Addis Zemen newspaper targeted seven independent publications, alleging that they had printed several articles which “promoted terrorism”, denied economic growth, belittled the legacy of former Prime Minister Meles Zenawi, and committed other “transgressions”. In August, the government announced that it was bringing charges against several of the publications, causing over 20 journalists to flee the country. In October, the owners of three of the publications were sentenced in their absence to over three years’ imprisonment each for allegedly inciting the public to overthrow the government and publishing unfounded rumours.
The OFC opposition party reported that between 350 and 500 of its members were arrested between May and July, including party leadership. The arrests started in the context of the “Master Plan” protests, but continued for several months. Many of those arrested were detained arbitrarily and incommunicado. OFC members were among over 200 people arrested in Oromia in mid-September, and further party members were arrested in October.
On 8 July, Habtamu Ayalew and Daniel Shebeshi, of the Unity for Democracy and Justice (UDJ) Party, and Yeshewas Asefa of the Semayawi Party were arrested in Addis Ababa. Abraha Desta of the Arena Tigray Party, and a lecturer at Mekele University, was arrested in Tigray, and was transferred to Addis Ababa. They were detained in Maikelawi and initially denied access to lawyers and family. In late October, they were charged under the Anti-Terrorism Proclamation. Yeshewas Asefa complained in court that he had been tortured in detention.
The Semayawi Party reported numerous arrests of its members, including seven women arrested in March during a run to mark International Women’s Day in Addis Ababa, along with three men, also members of the party. They had been chanting slogans including “We need freedom! Free political prisoners!” They were released without charge after 10 days. In late April, 20 members of the party were arrested while promoting a demonstration in Addis Ababa. They were released after 11 days.
In early September, Befekadu Abebe and Getahun Beyene, party officials in Arba Minch city, were arrested along with three party members. Befekadu Abebe and Getahun Beyene were transferred to Maikelawi detention centre in Addis Ababa. In the initial stages of detention, they were reportedly denied access to lawyers and family members. In late October, party member Agbaw Setegn, was arrested in Gondar, and was also transferred to Maikelawi, and held incommunicado without access to lawyers or family.
On 27 October, editor Temesgen Desalegn was sentenced to three years’ imprisonment for “defamation” and “inciting the public through false rumours”, in the now-defunct publication Feteh, after a trial that had lasted more than two years. The publisher of Fetehwas also convicted in their absence.
People were detained arbitrarily without charge for long periods in the initial stages, or throughout the duration, of their detention including numerous people arrested for peaceful opposition to the government or their imputed political opinion. Arbitrary detention took place in official and unofficial detention centres, including Maikelawi. Many detainees were held incommunicado, and many were denied access to lawyers and family members.
Numerous prisoners of conscience, imprisoned in previous years based solely on their peaceful exercise of their freedom of expression and opinion, including journalists and opposition political party members, remained in detention. These included some convicted in unfair trials, some whose trials continued, and some who continued to be detained without charge.
Access to detention centres for monitoring and documenting the treatment of detainees continued to be severely restricted.

Torture and other ill-treatment

Torture took place in local police stations, Maikelawi federal police station, federal and regional prisons and military camps.
Torture methods reported included: beating with sticks, rubber batons, gun butts and other objects; burning; tying in stress positions; electric shocks; and forced prolonged physical exercise. Some detention conditions amounted to torture, including detaining people underground without light, shackled and in prolonged solitary confinement.
Torture typically took place in the early stages of detention, in conjunction with the interrogation of the detainee. Torture was used to force detainees to confess, to sign incriminating evidence and to incriminate others. Those subjected to torture included prisoners of conscience, who were arrested for their perceived or actual expression of dissent.
Defendants in several trials complained in court that they were tortured or otherwise ill-treated in detention. The courts failed to order investigations into the complaints.
In several cases, prisoners of conscience were denied access to adequate medical care.

Oromia region

Ethnic Oromos continued to suffer many violations of human rights in efforts to suppress potential dissent in the region.
Large numbers of Oromo people continued to be arrested or remained in detention after arrests in previous years, based on their peaceful expression of dissent, or in numerous cases, based only on their suspected opposition to the government. Arrests were arbitrary, often made pre-emptively and without evidence of a crime. Many were detained without charge or trial, and large numbers were detained in unofficial places of detention, particularly in military camps throughout the region. There was no accountability for enforced disappearances or extrajudicial executions during 2014 or in previous years.
In the aftermath of the “Master Plan” protests, increased levels of arrests of actual or suspected dissenters continued. Large numbers of arrests were reported, including several hundred in early October in Hurumu and Yayu Woredas districts in Illubabor province, of high-school students, farmers and other residents.
There were further reports of arrests of students asking about the fate of their classmates arrested during the “Master Plan” protests, demanding their release and justice for those killed, including 27 reported to have been arrested in Wallega University in late November.

Refugees and asylum-seekers

Forcible returns

Ethiopian government agents were active in many countries, some of which cooperated with the Ethiopian authorities in forcibly returning people wanted by the government.
In January, two representatives of the rebel Ogaden National Liberation Front were abducted and forcibly returned to Ethiopia from Nairobi, Kenya. They were in Nairobi to participate in further peace talks between the group and the government.
On 23 June, UK national Andargachew Tsige, Secretary General of the outlawed Ginbot 7 movement, was rendered from Yemen to Ethiopia. On 8 July, a broadcast was aired on state-run ETV showing Tsige looking haggard and exhausted. By the end of the year, he was still detained incommunicado at an undisclosed location, with no access to lawyers or family. The UK government continued to be denied consular access, except for two meetings with the Ambassador, to one of which Andargachew Tsige was brought hooded, and they were not permitted to talk privately.
In March, former Gambella regional governor Okello Akway, who has Norwegian citizenship, was forcibly returned to Ethiopia from South Sudan. In June, he was charged with terrorism offences along with several other people, in connection with Gambella opposition movements in exile.
Source ECADF News

World Bank: Address Ethiopia Findings (Human Rights Watch)

February 23, 2015

Response to Inquiry Dismissive of Abuses

(Washington, DC) – The World Bank should fully address serious human rights issues raised by the bank’s internal investigation into a project in Ethiopia, Human Rights Watch said in a letter to the bank’s vice president for Africa. The bank’s response to the investigation findings attempts to distance the bank from the many problems confirmed by the investigation and should be revised. The World Bank board of directors is to consider the investigation report and management’s response, which includes an Action Plan, on February 26, 2015.World Bank: Address Ethiopia Findings (Human Rights Watch)
The Inspection Panel, the World Bank’s independent accountability mechanism, found that the bank violated its own policies in Ethiopia. The investigation was prompted by a formal complaint brought by refugees from Ethiopia’s Gambella region concerning the Promoting Basic Services (PBS) projects funded by the World Bank, the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID), the African Development Bank, and several other donors.
“The Inspection Panel’s report shows that the World Bank has largely ignored human rights risks evident in its projects in Ethiopia,” said Jessica Evans, senior international financial institutions researcher at Human Rights Watch. “The bank has the opportunity and responsibility to adjust course on its Ethiopia programming and provide redress to those who were harmed. But management’s Action Plan achieves neither of these goals.”
The report, leaked to the media in January, determined that “there is an operational link” between the World Bank projects in Ethiopia and a government relocation program known as “villagization.” It concluded that the bank had violated its policy that is intended to protect indigenous peoples’ rights. It also found that the bank “did not carry out the required full risk analysis, nor were its mitigation measures adequate to manage the concurrent rollout of the villagisation programme.” These findings should prompt the World Bank and other donors to take all necessary measures to prevent and address links between its programs and abusive government initiatives, Human Rights Watch said.
Rather than taking on these important findings and applying lessons learned, World Bank management has drafted an Action Plan that merely reinforces its problematic current course, Human Rights Watch said. The Action Plan emphasizes the role of programs designed to mobilize communities to engage in local government’s decisions without addressing the significant risks people take in speaking critically.
The Inspection Panel also found that the bank did not take the necessary steps to mitigate the risk presented by Ethiopia’s 2009 law on civil society organizations. The law prohibits human rights organizations in Ethiopia from receiving more than 10 percent of their funding from foreign sources. As a result of the law, most independent Ethiopian civil society organizations working on human rights issues have had to discontinue their work.
The plan also pledges to enhance the capacity of local government staff to comply with the bank’s policies and to provide complaint resolution mechanisms without addressing the role of the local government in human rights abuses. This continues an approach of seeing the officials implicated in human rights abuses as a source of potential resolution, Human Rights Watch said. Management has also concluded, contrary to the Inspection Panel, that the World Bank is adequately complying with the bank’s policy to protect the rights of indigenous peoples.
Human Rights Watch research into the first year of the villagization program in the western Gambella region found that people were forced to move into the government’s new villages. Human Rights Watch found that the relocation was accompanied by serious abuses, including intimidation, assaults, and arbitrary arrests by security officials, and contributed to the loss of livelihoods for the people forced to move. While the Ethiopian government has officially finished its villagization program in Gambella, it is forcibly evicting communities in other regions, including indigenous people, ostensibly for development projects such as large-scale agriculture projects.
Donors to the Ethiopia Promoting Basic Services Program, including the World Bank and the UK, have repeatedly denied any link between their programs and problematic government programs like villagization.
Human Rights Watch has long raised concerns over inadequate monitoring and the risks of misuse of development assistance in Ethiopia. In 2010 Human Rights Watch documentedthe government’s use of donor-supported resources and aid to consolidate the power of the ruling Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). Government officials discriminated on the basis of real and perceived political opinion in distributing resources, including access to donor-supported programs, salaries, and training opportunities. Donors have never systematically investigated these risks to their programming, much less addressed them.
The Inspection Panel report is the first donor mechanism that has investigated the donor’s approach to risk assessment in Ethiopia. Although the Inspection Panel adopted a narrow view of its mandate and decided explicitly to exclude human rights violations, its findings underscore the need for donors to considerably enhance and broaden their risk assessment processes in Ethiopia. These processes are crucial for ensuring that their programs advance the social and economic rights of the people they are intended to benefit, without violating their human rights. Management’s response misrepresents the panel’s view of its mandate, erroneously concurring “with the panel’s conclusion that the harm alleged in the Request cannot be attributed to the Project” – the Inspection Panel report makes no such sweeping conclusion.
“The bank directors should send management’s response and Action Plan back and insist on a plan that addresses the Inspection Panel’s findings and the concerns of the people who sought the inquiry,” Evans said. “A meaningful Action Plan should address the program in question, bank-lending in Ethiopia more broadly, and how to apply lessons from these mistakes to all bank programing in high-risk, repressive environments around the world.”
The Action Plan should include provisions for high-level dialogue between the bank and the Ethiopian government to address key human rights issues that are obstacles to effective development, Human Rights Watch said. These issues include forced evictions and development-related displacement, restrictions on civil society, including attacks on independent groups and journalistsdiscriminatory practices, and violations of indigenous peoples’ rights.
The plan should include provisions for identifying and mitigating all human rights risks and adverse impacts at the project level, and for independent monitoring to make sure these concerns are fully addressed. The plan should also include provisions for people affected by projects to be involved in projects from their conception and remedies for people negatively affected by bank projects.
Given the climate of fear and repression in Ethiopia, Gambella residents who brought the complaint to the bank and have taken refuge in South Sudan and Kenya are unlikely to feel safe returning home. In light of this, the Action Plan should address their most urgent needs abroad, including education and livelihood opportunities, Human Rights Watch said.
The Inspection Panel’s findings also have wider implications for donor programming in Ethiopia. Donors’ current appraisal methods do not consider human rights and other risks from their programs. The panel highlighted particular problems with budget support or block grants that cannot be tracked at the local level.
“The Inspection Panel report illustrates the perils of unaccountable budget support in Ethiopia,” Evans said. “Donors should implement programs that ensure that Ethiopia’s neediest participate in and have access to the benefits of donor aid.”
Source ECADF

Wednesday, February 18, 2015

แŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹ แŒซแ‰ฆแŠ• แˆˆแ‰€แ‰…… แŠจแˆบแˆ˜แˆแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ 

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แŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹ แŒซแ‰ฆ
แŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹ แŒซแ‰ฆ
แŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹ แŒซแ‰ฆ แ‰ แŠขแˆณแ‰ต แ‰ดแˆŒแ‰ชแ‹ฅแŠ•፣ แ‰ แŠ แ‹‰แˆซแˆแ‰ฃ แ‰ณแ‹ญแˆแˆต แ‹ตแˆ…แˆจ แŒˆแŒฝแŠ“ แ‰ แŠแŠ•แŠแŠ” แ‹จแ‹ตแˆ…แˆจ แŒˆแŒฝ แˆฌแ‹ตแ‹ฎ แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ƒแˆˆ แˆ˜แŒ แ‹ญแ‰†แ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆแŠญแ‰ปแˆˆแˆ፤ แŠ แ‹ตแˆแŒซแˆˆแˆ። แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแˆšแ‹ฒแ‹ซ แ‹ตแˆ…แˆจ แŒˆแŒฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แ‰ฅแŠฅแˆญ แˆตแˆ™ แˆ˜แˆ‹แŠฉ แ‹ญแˆตแˆ›แ‹‰ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฃแˆ แŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹จแŒปแˆแ‹‰แŠ• แ‹‰แˆญแŒ…แ‰ฅแŠ แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฅแ‰ค แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แŠจแˆแ‰ค แŠ แ‹˜แŠ•แŠฉ። แ‰ แแŠ–แ‰ต แˆฌแ‹ตแ‹ฎแˆ แˆตแˆˆ แŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแˆแˆแ‹‰แŠ• แ‰ฐแˆซ แ‰ตแ‰ฝแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‹˜แˆˆแ‹แˆ แˆฐแˆแ‰ผ แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แŠ แ‹˜แŠ•แŠฉ። แŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠ“แŒˆแˆฉแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒแˆ แˆ†แА แ‰ แˆ™แŒแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆแŠญ แ‰ แˆฐแˆˆแŒ แА แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ˜แˆปแˆญ แˆฒแ‰ปแˆ แŠจแ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แ‹แ‰… แ‰ฃแˆˆ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แ‰ฐแˆซ แ‰ตแ‰ฝแ‰ต แ‹‰แˆตแŒฅ แˆ˜แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฑ แŠจแŒแˆแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆตแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚ แˆŒแˆ‹ แŠฅแ‹‰แ‰€แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแŒจแˆแˆญ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ። แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แˆ˜แ‰ผ แАแ‹‰ แ‹จแˆฐแˆˆแŒ แА แ‹‰แ‹ญแ‹ญแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆแ‹‰?
แ‹ญแˆ… แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑ แˆตแˆ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒฅแˆซแ‰ตแŠ“ แŠ แ‹ˆแ‰…แˆแˆฝ แŠ“แ‰แˆฝ แ‰ตแ‰ฝแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰€แ‹ตแˆžแ‹‰ แ‰€แ‹แ‰ƒแ‹› แŒฆแˆญแАแ‰ต แŒŠแ‹œ แˆฒแŠซแˆ„แ‹ต แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆญแ‹ญ แ‰ แŠ แˆแŠ‘ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แŠฅแ‰ฐแŠซแˆ„แ‹ฐ แˆ›แ‹จแ‰ฑ แˆแŠ• แ‹ซแˆ…แˆ แˆ—แˆ‹แ‰€แˆญ แ‹จแ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆญแ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ†แА แˆ˜แˆจแ‹ณแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ซแ‹ณแŒแ‰ตแˆ። แ‰ แ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แŒŠแ‹œ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแŠ• แ‹จแ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ แ‰†แˆญแˆพ แ‰ แŠ แˆแŠ‘ แˆฐแŠ แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆˆ แˆ˜แ‹ตแŒˆแˆ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹ˆแŒฅ แŠ แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰ปแˆแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆ˜แˆˆแŠญแ‰ต แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆˆแŠ›แˆ። แ‰ แŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠซแˆ„แ‹ฐแ‹‰ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆŒแˆˆแ‹‰ แ‰ตแ‰ฝแ‰ต แ‹ญแˆ…แŠ•แŠ• แˆ˜แˆแˆต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ตแˆฐแŒฅ แŠ แˆตแŒˆแ‹ตแ‹ถแŠ›แˆ።
แŠฅแŠ” แŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹ แŒซแ‰ฆแŠ• แŠ แ‹‰แ‰ƒแ‰ธแ‹‹แˆˆแˆ። แ‰ แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แ‹ซแ‹ˆแ‰…แˆ—แ‰ธแ‹‰ แ‹จแŒ‹แˆญแ‹ฑแˆ‹ แŠ แ‹‰แˆซแŒƒ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ณแˆช แˆ†แАแ‹‰ แŒŠแ‹ถแˆŒ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แˆฒแˆ˜แŒก แАแ‹‰።
แ‰ แ‹จแŠซแ‰ฒแ‰ต แˆตแ‹ตแˆณ แˆตแ‹ตแˆตแ‰ต แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ฐ แˆแˆ…แˆจแ‰ต แŠ•แ‰…แŠ“แ‰„ แŠ แˆญแ‰ฃ แˆแŠ•แŒญ แˆ˜แŒฅแ‰ฐแ‹‰ แŠจแˆผแ‰ป (แ‹จแˆ‹แ‹ญแŠ›แ‹‰ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›) แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆฒแ‰€แˆ‹ (แ‹จแ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ›แ‹‰ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›) แ‹ญแАแ‹ฑ แ‰ แАแ‰ แˆฉแ‰ต แŒ‰แˆญแ‹ต แˆ‹แŠ•แ‹ตแˆฎแ‰จแˆญ แŠจแˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŒ‹แˆญ แˆ†แŠœ แ‹ˆแˆตแ‹ฐแ‹‰แŠ“แˆ። แ‰ แˆแŒˆแŒแ‰ณ แˆ‹แŠ•แ‹ตแˆฎแ‰จแˆฉแŠ• แŠ แ‰แˆ˜แ‹‰ แŒแ‰ก แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹‰แŠ• แˆตแˆˆแˆˆแ‹‰แŒก แŠฅแ‹ซแ‹ˆแˆฉแŠ•แŠ“ แŠฅแŠ›แˆ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แŠญแˆฎ แŠฅแ‹ซแ‹ณแˆ˜แŒฅแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแАแ‰ แˆญ แŠ แˆตแ‰ณแ‹‰แˆณแˆˆแˆ። แ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ˆแŒฅแ‰ถ แŠฅแ‹ตแŒˆแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ตแŠ• แŠ แ‹‰แŒ† แŠฅแŠ”แˆ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠจแŠ แˆญแ‰ฃ แˆแŠ•แŒญ แŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠจแˆแ‰ฃ แ‹ˆแˆจแ‹ณ แŠจแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แŠจแˆ˜แŒก แ‹˜แˆ›แ‰พแ‰ฝ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹˜แˆ˜แ‰ตแŠฉ። แ‰ณแŠ“แˆฝ แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ›แ‰ธแ‹‰ แ‹จแˆ†แАแ‹‰ แŠฅแˆธแ‰ฑ แŒซแ‰ฆแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ แ‹˜แˆแ‰ถ แАแ‰ แˆญ።
แ‹˜แˆ˜แ‰ปแ‹‰แŠ• แŒฅแ‹ฌ แˆตแˆ˜แˆˆแˆต แŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹ แ‹จแˆ…แ‹แ‰ฅ แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ต แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ญ แŒŠแ‹šแ‹ซแ‹Š แŒฝแˆ…แˆแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ต แ‹‹แŠ“ แŒธแˆ€แŠ แˆ†แАแ‹‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ฐแˆพแˆ™ แŠ แˆญแ‰ฃ แˆแŠ•แŒญ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แˆฐแˆ›แˆ። แ‹ญแˆ… แˆ˜แˆตแˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ต แŠซแ‹ตแˆฌแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰€แŒฅแˆฎ แ‰ แ‹จแ‰ฆแ‰ณแ‹‰ แŠฅแ‹จแˆ‹แŠจ แ‰…แˆตแ‰€แˆณ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ แˆ˜แˆตแˆชแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ†แАแˆ แ‰ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ฑ แ‰ฐแˆจแ‹ณแˆ። แ‰ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ฑ แ‰ แАแ‰ แˆจแŠ แŠ•แ‰ƒแ‰ฐ แˆ…แˆŠแŠ“แŠ“ แŠจแŒ“แ‹ฐแŠ–แ‰ธแˆ แŠซแŒˆแŠ˜แˆแ‰ต แˆแŠญแˆญ แŠจแŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹ แˆ˜แˆซแ‰ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆปแˆˆ แАแ‹‰ แ‹จแˆšแˆ แŠฅแˆแАแ‰ต แŠ แˆณแ‹ตแˆฎแ‰ฅแŠ แАแ‰ แˆญ።แŠฅ. แŠข. แŠ . แ‰ 1969 แ‹“. แˆ. แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แŒ€แˆ˜แˆญแŠ•። แ‰ แŠขแˆ•แŠ แ“ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ˜แŠขแˆถแŠ• แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แ‹ญแŠซแˆจแˆญ แАแ‰ แˆจแ‹‰ แ‹จแ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ แ‰ตแŒแˆ แ‰ แŠ แˆญแ‰ฃ แˆแŠ•แŒญ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›แŠ“ แ‰ แАแ‰ แˆญแŠฉแ‰ตแˆ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ตแˆ แ‹ญแ‰ฅแˆ‹แˆ‹ แАแ‰ แˆญ።
แŠฅ. แŠข. แŠ . แ‰ 1969 แ‹“. แˆ. แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แ‹จแŠ แˆญแ‰ฃ แˆแŠ•แŒญ แŠ แŒ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆแˆˆแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹ฐแˆจแŒƒ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆ›แˆชแ‹ซ แŠญแแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‹ดแˆตแŠฎแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆˆแŠฅแ‹ซแŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ฑ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆช แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‰ แŠฅแŒ… แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒปแ‰ แ‹จแŠขแˆ•แŠ แ“ แ‹ˆแˆจแ‰€แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแ‰ แ‰ตแАแ‹‰ แАแ‰ แˆญ። แŠญแแˆ แˆตแŒˆแ‰ฃ แ‹ˆแˆจแ‰€แ‰ฑแŠ• แŠ แАแ‰ แ‰ฅแŠฉ። แ‹ˆแˆจแ‰€แ‰ฑ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆžแˆ‹แ‹‰ แ‰ แŠขแˆ…แŠ แ“ แˆ˜แˆแŠญแˆฎแ‰ฝ แАแ‹‰። แŠฅแ‹ซแŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ฑแˆ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆช แŠ แŠ•แ‰ฅแ‰ฆแ‰ต แ‹แˆ แ‰ฅแˆแˆ። แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ตแˆ แ‰ฐแŒ€แˆแˆฎ แˆณแˆˆ แ‹จแŠ แˆญแ‰ฃ แˆแŠ•แŒญ แ‹ˆแˆจแ‹ณ แ–แˆŠแˆต แŒฃแ‰ขแŠ  แŠ แ‹›แ‹ฅ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจ แˆปแˆแ‰ แˆ แ‰ฐแˆตแ‹แ‹ฌ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฃแˆ แŠจแŒ แ‰‹แˆš แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แ‰ แ‹จแŠญแแˆ‰ แŠฅแ‹จแ‹žแˆจ แˆ›แŠ• แАแ‹‰ แ‹ˆแˆจแ‰€แ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ แ‰ฐแАแ‹‰ แŠฅแ‹ซแˆˆ แ‹ญแŒฎแˆ… แАแ‰ แˆญ።แŠฅแŠ” แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆญแŠฉแ‰ แ‰ต แŠญแแˆแˆ แˆ˜แŒฅแ‰ถ แŒฎแŠธแ‰ฅแŠ•። แ‰ฅแ‹™ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠญแแˆ แˆˆแ‰…แ‰€แ‹‰ แˆฒแ‹ˆแŒก แŠฅแŠ›แˆ แ‹ˆแŒฃแŠ•። แ‰ฅแ‹™ แŒ แ‰‹แˆš แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฆแŠญแˆต แ‰ฐแˆ˜แ‰ฑ። แ‰แŒฅแˆฉ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ˜แ‰ถ แ‹จแˆšแˆ†แŠ• แˆ›แˆต แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฃแˆ (แˆแˆจแŠ•แˆณแ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแˆซ แŠ แˆตแˆญ แŒฅแ‹ญแ‰ต แŒŽแˆซแˆฝ) แŒแˆ›แˆฝ แŠ แ‹‰แ‰ถแˆ›แ‰ฒแŠญ แŒ แ‰ฅแˆ˜แŠ•แŒƒ แ‹จแ‰ณแŒ แ‰€ แ‹จแˆแŒฅแŠ– แ‹ฐแˆซแˆฝ แˆ€แ‹ญแˆ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ฑแŠ• แŠจแ‰ แ‰ ። แ‰ แ‹šแˆ…แŠ• แŒŠแ‹œ แАแ‰ แˆญ แŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹ แŒซแ‰ฆ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แ‰คแ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แŒกแ‰ต።
แŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹ แ‰ แŒ‰แˆญแ‹ต แˆ‹แŠ•แ‹ตแˆฎแ‰จแˆญ แˆฒแˆ˜แŒก แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆฐแŒˆแ‰งแ‰ธแ‹‰ แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹‰ แˆฒแŒฎแˆ แ‹‹แŠ“ แˆ˜แŒแ‰ขแ‹ซแ‹‰แŠ• แ‰ แˆญ แ‹ญแŒ แ‰ฅแ‰ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆฉแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ แˆตแŒˆแ‰งแ‰ธแ‹‰። แŠจแ‹šแ‹ซแˆ แˆฐแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰… แŠ แˆ‹แˆ› แ‹จแˆšแŠจแ‰ แˆญแ‰ แ‰ต แ‰ฆแ‰ณ แˆ˜แŠชแŠ“แ‹‰แŠ• แŠ แ‰แˆ˜แ‹‰ แŠจแˆ˜แŠชแŠ“ แˆฒแ‹ˆแŒก แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠจแ‰ แ‰งแ‰ธแ‹‰። แŠจแ‹šแ‹ซแˆ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŒชแŠธแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹‰แŠ• แˆ›แˆฐแˆ›แ‰ต แŒ€แˆ˜แˆฉ። แŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹ แ‹จแˆ‹แŠ•แ‹ตแˆฎแ‰จแˆฉ แˆžแ‰ฐแˆญ แŠฎแˆแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰†แˆ˜แ‹‰ แˆณแˆˆ แ‹จแ‹ตแˆแŒฝ แˆ›แŒ‰แ‹ซ แ‰ฐแˆฐแŒฅแ‰ถแŠ แ‰ธแ‹‰ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แˆ˜แ‰€แ‰ แˆ แŒ€แˆ˜แˆฉ። แŠจแ‹šแ‹ซแˆ แˆ˜แˆแˆต แˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ต แŒ€แˆ˜แˆฉ። แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŒฅแˆžแŠ“ แŠ แ‹ณแˆ˜แŒงแ‰ธแ‹‰። แŠฅแˆญแˆณแ‰ธแ‹‰แˆ “…แ‹ญแˆ…แ‰บ แ‹จแ‹ดแˆž แ‰…แˆตแ‰€แˆณ แАแ‰ฝ። แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ณแ‰ฝแˆแŠ• แ‰ฅแ‰ตแŠจแ‰ณแ‰ฐแˆ‰ แ‹ญแ‰ แˆแŒฅ แ‰ตแŒ แ‰€แˆ›แˆ‹แ‰ฝแˆ…” แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹‰ แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒˆแˆฉ። แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แˆแˆถแ‰ฝแˆ แ‰ฃแ‹ซแˆจแŠฉแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แŠณ แŠฅแˆณแ‰ธแ‹‰ แˆแˆแˆต แˆŠแˆฐแŒก แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ›แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆจแ‹ฑแ‰ตแˆ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆˆแŠ›แˆ። แ‰ แ‰ฆแŠญแˆต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แ‰ฑแŠ“ แ‹จแ‹ฐแˆ™ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŠ แˆแ‰กแˆ‹แŠ•แˆต แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆ†แˆฒแ’แ‰ณแˆ แ‰ฐแˆ‹แŠฉ። แŒฅแ‰ƒแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‹จแˆแŒธแˆ™ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠจแ‰ฐแŒ แ‹ซแ‰‚แАแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ›แ‹ญแ‹ตแŠ‘ แŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹ แˆ›แˆณแˆฐแ‰ขแ‹ซ แˆฐแŒก። แ‹ญแˆ… แŠฅแ‹จแˆ†แА แˆณแˆˆ แ‹จแˆ˜แ‰ถ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ƒ แŒณแ‹‰แˆŽแˆต แ‰ฆแŒ‹แˆˆ แˆ˜แŒฅแ‰ถ แŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠ“แŒˆแˆญ แŠฅแ‹ตแˆ แˆฒแˆฐแŒ แ‹‰ แ‹ตแˆแŒฝ แˆ›แŒ‰แ‹ซแ‹‰แŠ• แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ แˆŽ แˆ˜แ‹ฐแŠ•แ‹แ‰ต แŒ€แˆ˜แˆจ። “…แ‹จแŠ แ‹ตแˆ€แˆชแ‹ซแŠ• แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆฌแˆณ แˆณแŒฅแŠ• แ‰ แˆšแ‹ซแŠญแˆ แŠ แŒˆแˆแŒแˆ แแ‰ตแแ‰ตแŠ“ แŒญแŠฎ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ‹แŠจแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹‰ แ‰ฐแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆ‹แ‰…แ‰€แ‹‰ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ›แˆฉ แ‹จแŒญแ‰แŠ• แˆแŒ†แ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแˆ›แˆฉ แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แАแˆฐแˆฐ แˆดแˆซ แАแ‹‰…” แŠฅแ‹ซแˆˆ แ‹ฐแАแ‹። แ‰ฅแ‹™ แ‹›แ‰ปแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ•แˆ แ‹›แ‰ฐ። แŠจแ‹šแ‹ซแˆ แŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹ แŠจแˆ˜แ‰ถ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ƒ แŒณแ‹‰แˆŽแˆต แŒ‹แˆญ แˆˆแŒฅแ‰‚แ‰ต แ‹ฐแ‰‚แ‰ƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแАแŒ‹แŒˆแˆจ። แ‹จแˆ˜แ‰ถ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ƒ แŒณแ‹‰แˆŽแˆต แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰†แŒจ แˆฒแŠ“แŒˆแˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแАแ‰ แˆญ แ‰ณแ‹˜แ‰ฅแŠฉ። แŠฎแˆŽแŠ”แˆ แ‰ฐแˆตแ‹แ‹ฌ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฃแˆ แ‹จแˆแŒฅแŠ– แ‹ฐแˆซแˆฝ แˆ€แ‹ญแˆ‰แŠ• แˆ˜แˆญแ‰ถ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒฃแ‹‰ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐแАแˆญแˆฑ แŒ แŒ‹ แ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‹จแАแŒˆแˆฉแ‰ตแŠ• แˆฐแˆแ‰ถ แˆ„แ‹ฐ። แŠจแ‹šแ‹ซแˆ แŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹ แˆˆแ‹šแ‹ซแŠ‘ แ‰€แŠ• แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆŒแˆˆแŠ“ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰คแ‰ณแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ตแŠ•แˆ„แ‹ต แАแŒˆแˆฉแŠ•። แŠฅแŠ›แˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰คแ‰ต แˆตแŠ•แˆ„แ‹ต แ‹จแ‰ณแ‹˜แ‰ฅแŠฉแ‰ต แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‰ขแŠ–แˆญ แ‹จแˆ˜แ‰ถ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ƒ แŒณแ‹‰แˆŽแˆต แ‰ฆแŒ‹แˆˆ แŠจแŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹ แŒ‹แˆญ แˆฒแŒจแ‰ƒแŒจแ‰… แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแАแ‰ แˆญ แАแ‹‰። แ‰ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ฑ แŠจแŒ“แ‹ฐแŠžแ‰ผ แŒ‹แˆญ แˆตแŠ•แАแŒ‹แŒˆแˆญ แ‹จแ‹ฐแˆจแˆตแŠ•แ‰ แ‰ต แˆ˜แ‹ฐแˆแ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซ แ‰ขแŠ–แˆญ แ‹จแˆ˜แ‰ถ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ƒ แŒณแ‹‰แˆŽแˆต แŠฅแˆญแˆแŒƒ แˆˆแˆ˜แ‹‰แˆฐแ‹ต แˆแˆแŒŽ แ‰ แŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹ แŠฅแˆแ‰ขแ‰ฐแŠแАแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‰ฐแŒฝแŠฅแŠ– แ‹ฐแˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญแˆแˆต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆแ‰ปแˆˆ แАแ‹‰። แ‰ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ฑ แ‰แŒฅแˆฉ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แˆ˜แ‰ถ แ‹จแˆšแˆ†แАแ‹‰ แ‹จแˆแŒฅแŠ– แ‹ฐแˆซแˆฝ แˆ€แ‹ญแˆ แ‹จแŒแ‹ตแ‹ซ แ‰ตแŠฅแ‹›แ‹ แ‰ขแˆฐแŒ แ‹‰ แŠ–แˆฎ แˆแŠ• แ‹ซแˆ…แˆ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆช แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแˆžแ‰ต แˆ˜แŒˆแˆ˜แ‰ต แŠ แ‹ซแ‹ณแŒแ‰ตแˆ.። แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝแˆ แ‹˜แŠ•แ‹ต แŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹ แŠญแ‰ฅแˆญ แˆŠแ‹ซแŒˆแŠ™แˆ แ‰ฝแˆˆแ‹‹แˆ แ‹ญแˆ…แ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹‰แˆˆแ‰ณ แˆˆแ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆตแˆˆแ‹‹แˆ‰።
แŠจแŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ แˆญแŠฅแ‹ฎแ‰ฐ แŠ แˆˆแˆ แŠ แˆ˜แˆˆแŠซแŠจแ‰ต แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ญแˆ แŠ แŠ•แŠณ แ‰ แŠฅแˆญแˆณแ‰ธแ‹‰ แ‰ฅแˆญแ‰ณแ‰ต แŠจแˆžแ‰ต แˆแ‹ตแŠ• แ‰ฝแ‹ซแˆˆแˆ። แ‰ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ฑ แŠจแŠจแ‰ แ‰กแŠ• แˆแŒฅแŠ– แ‹ฐแˆซแˆพแ‰ฝ แ‰ขแ‹ซแŠ•แˆต แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แŠ แˆตแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆ†แŠ‘แ‰ตแŠ• แŠ แ‹‰แ‰ƒแ‰ธแ‹‹แˆˆแˆ። แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆฉ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹‰። แ‰ แˆŒแˆ‹ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แŠ แŒแŠแ‰ผ แˆตแŒ แ‹ญแ‰ƒแ‰ธแ‹‰ แ‰ แŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹ แŠฅแˆแ‰ขแ‰ฐแŠแАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ˜แ‰ถ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ƒ แŒณแ‹‰แˆŽแˆต แ‰ฆแŒ‹แˆˆ แ‰ตแŠฅแ‹›แ‹ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆแˆแˆˆแŒˆ แŠ แ‹›แ‹ฃแ‰ธแ‹‰ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹‰ แŠฎแˆŽแŠ”แˆ แ‰ฐแˆตแ‹แ‹ฌ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแАแŒˆแˆซแ‰ธแ‹‰ แŠ แŒซแ‹ˆแ‰ฑแŠ። แ‰ตแŠฅแ‹›แ‹ แ‰ขแˆฐแŒฃแ‰ธแ‹‰ แŠ–แˆฎ แŠฅแŠ”แŠ•แˆ แˆŠแŒˆแ‹ตแˆ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แАแŒˆแˆฉแŠ። แŠฅแŠ”แˆ แ‹จแˆ…แ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹แŠ• แ‹‰แˆˆแ‰ณ แˆแˆ แŒŠแ‹œ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆตแ‰ณแ‹‰แˆต แŠ แ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆแŠ። แŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹แŠ• แ‹ˆแ‹ตแŒ„ แŠ แˆ‹แ‹‰แ‰…แˆ። แŒแŠ• แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹‰แˆˆแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแŠจแ‰ฅแˆซแ‰ธแ‹‰ แŠ แ‹ตแˆฎแŒŽแŠ›แˆ።
แ‰ฅแ‹™ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠ แˆตแŒˆแ‹ตแˆˆแ‹‹แˆ แ‹จแˆšแˆ แŠญแˆตแŠ“ แˆตแˆžแ‰ณ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰แ‰ต แ‰ตแ‰ฝแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹‰แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ฐแŠซแ‰ตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ። แŠ แˆญแ‰ฃ แˆแŠ•แŒญ แ‹‰แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰แ‰ต แŒแˆญแŠแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹‰ แ‹จแŠขแˆ•แŠ แ“แŠ• แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ‹แ‰ตแŠ“ แ‹ฐแŒ‹แŠแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆ›แŒ‹แˆˆแŒฅ แ‰ฐแ‰ฅแˆŽ። แ‹แˆบแˆตแ‰ฑ แŠ แˆŠ แˆ™แˆณ แ‰ แŒˆแ‹› แŠฅแŒ แ‹จแŒˆแ‹ฐแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹‰ แŠ แ‰ฐ แ‰ฐแˆแˆช (แ‹จแŠฅแŠ” แ‹˜แˆ˜แ‹ต แ‹จแˆ†แАแ‰ฝแ‹‰ แŠ แ‹จแˆˆแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆ˜แŒซ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ต)፣ แŠญแˆแ‰ฐแ‹‰ (แ‹จแŠ แŒŽแ‰ด แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ต แ‹ˆแŠ•แ‹ตแˆ)፣ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ‘แˆฉ (แŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹ แˆฒแ‰ณแˆฐแˆฉ แ‰ แŠฅแˆญแˆณแ‰ธแ‹‰ แˆแ‰ตแŠญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‰ แ‹‰) แˆฒแˆ†แŠ‘ แŠ แˆญแ‰ฃ แˆแŠ•แŒญ แ‹‰แˆตแŒฅ แˆแŠ•แˆ แ‹จแ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ แŒแ‹ตแ‹ซ แŠ แˆแ‰ฐแŠซแˆ„แ‹ฐแˆ። แŠ แŠ•แ‹ตแˆ แ‹จแŠขแˆ•แŠ แ“ แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ แŠ แˆแ‰ฐแŒˆแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ። แŒแˆญแ‹แ‰ต แŒแŠ• แ‰ฐแŠซแˆ‚แ‹ทแˆ። แ‰ แŒŽแ‹ แŠ แ‹‰แˆซแŒƒ แ‹‹แŠ“ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แˆณแ‹‰แˆ‹ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แ‹จแˆ˜แ‰ถ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ƒ แŒณแ‹‰แˆŽแˆต แ‰ฆแŒ‹แˆˆ แŠแ‹‰แ‹ณแˆŽแ‰ฝ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹‰ แ‰ฅแˆŽ แ‹จแˆจแˆธแŠ“แ‰ธแ‹‰ แŒฅแ‰‚แ‰ต แŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹‰። แ‹จแŒˆแˆˆแ‰ฅแŠ“ แˆ€แˆ˜แˆญ แ‰ฃแŠฎ แŠ แ‹‰แˆซแŒƒ แ‹‹แŠ“ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แ‹‰แˆตแŒฅ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จแŒŠแ‹ถแˆŒ แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแˆ‹แŒ… แ‹จแˆ†แА แŠซแ‹ตแˆฌ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แАแŒ‹แ‹ด แŒˆแ‹ตแˆแˆ። แŠฅ. แŠข. แŠ . แ‰ แАแˆแˆด แ‹ˆแˆญ 1976 แ‹“. แˆ. (August 1984 G. C.) แˆˆแ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแŠ• แˆˆแ‰…แ‰„ แŠฅแˆตแŠจแˆแ‹ˆแŒฃ แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แŠฅแ‹šแ‹ซแ‹‰ แŒ‹แˆž แŒŽแ‹ แ‹จแŠ–แˆญแŠฉ แˆตแˆˆแˆ†แА แˆแŠ”แ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŒ แŠ•แ‰…แ‰„ แŠ แ‹‰แ‰ƒแˆˆแˆ። แ‰ แŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆแ‹‰ แŠ แˆณแ‹›แŠ แ‰ตแ‰ฝแ‰ต แŠจแŠฅแ‹‰แАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆซแ‰€ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แŠ แˆณแ‹˜แАแŠ። แŒธแˆ€แŠแ‹Žแ‰นแŠ“ แ‰ฐแ‰บแ‹Žแ‰น แŠจแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆซแˆช แ‹ˆแˆฌ แ‹จแ‰€แˆฐแˆ™แ‰ตแŠ• แАแŒˆแˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แŠฅแ‹‰แАแ‰ณ แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒˆแ‹‰ แˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹‰ แ‹‹แŒ‹ แ‰ขแˆตแАแ‰ฑแŠ• แŠจแˆ›แŒ‹แˆˆแŒฅ แ‰ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‰€แˆญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆ˜แŒฃแ‹‰ แАแŒˆแˆญ แ‹ซแˆˆ แŠ แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆตแˆˆแŠแˆ። แŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹ แ‰ขแŒ แ‹จแ‰แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แŠณ แ‰ แŠขแˆ•แŠ แ“แАแ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒ แˆญแŒฅแˆจแ‹‰แŠ“ แ‰ณแˆตแˆจแ‹‰ แˆˆแ‰ฐแŒˆแˆจแ‰แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚ แ‰ แŠ แˆตแŒˆแ‹ณแ‹ญแАแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ። แ‰ฅแ‹™ แ‰ฐแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŠขแˆ•แŠ แ“แАแ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒ แˆญแŒฅแˆจแ‹‰ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แ‰ฆแ‰ณแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ณแˆตแˆจแ‹‰แŠ“ แ‰ฐแŒˆแˆญแˆแ‹‰ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แˆฐแˆ‹แˆ›แ‹Š แŠ‘แˆฎแŠ“ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ˜แˆˆแˆฑ แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ“แˆ። แŒแ‹ตแ‹ซ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแŠซแˆ„แ‹ต แŠซแ‹ตแˆฌแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แŠณ แŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹แŠ• แ‹ซแˆ™ แ‹จแАแ‰ แˆจ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แˆฒแАแŒˆแˆญ แˆฐแˆแ‰ปแˆˆแˆ። แŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹ แŠขแˆ•แŠ แ“แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแŒˆแ‹ฐแˆ‰ แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒˆแ‹‹แˆ። แŒ‹แˆž แŒŽแ‹ แ‹‰แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ฃแŒ แ‰ƒแˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแˆตแˆซแ‰ตแŠ“ แŒแˆญแŠแ‹ซ แ‰ฐแŠซแˆ„แ‹ฐ แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚ แ‹จแ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ แŒแ‹ตแ‹ซ แŠ แˆแ‰ฐแŠซแˆ„แ‹ฐแˆ። แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆฐ แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃแŠ“ แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แŠจแ‰ฐแˆžแ‰ฝ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ต แ‹จแ‰€แ‰ แˆŒ แˆŠแ‰€แˆ˜แŠ“แ‰ฅแˆญแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰€แ‹ญ แˆฝแ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แ‹ˆแŒฃแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแŒˆแ‹ฐแˆ‰แ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹‰ แ‹ซแˆตแˆฏแ‰ธแ‹‰แŠ“ แ‹ญแŒˆแˆญแแ‰ธแ‹‰ แŠจแАแ‰ แˆจแ‹‰ แ‰ แˆแŠ•แˆ แ‰ฐแŠ แˆแˆญ แŠ แ‹ญแˆˆแ‹ญแˆ።
แŠขแˆ•แŠ แ“แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ‰แ‰ตแˆต แ‹จแŠจแ‰ฐแˆ› แ‰ƒแŠแˆญ แ‹จแŒแ‹ตแ‹ซ แ‹˜แˆ˜แ‰ป แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹‰ แ‰ แАแ‰ แˆจแ‹‰ แ‹จแ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ แˆ˜แŠจแ‹แˆแˆ แŠฅแˆญแˆต แ‰ แŠฅแˆญแˆต แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ‹แ‹ฐแˆ‰แ‰ต፤ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‹ˆแŒฃแ‰ฑแŠ• แ‹ซแˆตแŒจแˆจแˆฑแ‰ต แ‰ฐแˆจแˆณแŠ“ แ‹จแŠ แ‰ถ แŠ แˆฐแ‹ แ‹ตแˆญแŒŠแ‰ต แŒŽแˆแ‰ถ แ‰ณแ‹ญแ‰ถ แАแ‹‰ แ‹ˆแ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ… แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ฑ แ‰ตแ‰ฝแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆจแŒˆแ‹‰? แ‰ตแ‰ฝแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ตแŠญแŠญแˆ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แ‰ฐแ‹ญแ‹ž แˆฒแ‰€แˆญแ‰ฅ แ‹ซแˆแˆซแˆ። แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ แˆˆแ‹šแ‹ซ แ‰‚แˆ แˆ˜แ‹ˆแŒฃแŒซ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แˆˆแ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ แแŒ†แ‰ณ แ‹ญแ‹‰แˆ‹แˆ። แ‹ฐแˆญแŒแˆ፣ แŠขแˆ•แŠ แ“แˆ፣ แˆ˜แŠขแˆถแŠ•แˆ፣ แ‹ˆแ‹ซแŠ”แˆ แˆ†แŠ• แˆ›แŠ•แˆ แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ตแˆ แˆ†แА แŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŠจแ‰ฐแŒ แ‹ซแ‰‚แАแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ตแŠ•แˆ።
แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆˆแˆแˆ‹แ‰ฝแŠ•แˆ แŠฅแŠฉแˆ แŠฅแŠ“แ‰ต แŠ แŒˆแˆญ แАแ‰ฝ። แˆ›แŠ•แˆ แŠจแˆ›แŠ•แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰ แˆแŒฅแˆ። แ‹จแ‰ แ‹ฐแˆแ‰ต፣ แ‹จแŒˆแ‹ฐแˆแ‰ตแŠ“ แ‹จแˆžแ‰ฑแˆ‹แ‰ตแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ แŠ แˆ‰። แŠฅแ‹ซแŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ฑ แ‰ตแ‹‰แˆแ‹ต แ‹จแˆซแˆฑ แ‹จแˆ†แА แ‰ฃแˆ…แˆญแ‹ญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆˆแ‹‰ แˆแˆ‰ แˆˆแ‰€แŒฃแ‹ฉ แ‰ตแ‹‰แˆแ‹ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฐแˆ‹แˆแˆแ‹‰ แ‰ตแˆแˆ…แˆญแ‰ต แŒˆแŠ•แ‰ข แˆ€แˆณแ‰ฅแŠ“ แˆซแŠฅแ‹ญ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹‰ แ‰ขแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆจแŒฃแˆ። แŠซแˆแˆ†แАแˆ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแ‰ณแˆชแŠญ แ‰ฐแ‹ˆแ‰ƒแˆฝ แˆ†แŠ– แ‹ญแ‰€แˆซแˆ። แŠ แŒˆแˆญ แ‰ แ‰‚แˆ แ‰ แ‰€แˆ แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แˆซ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแˆˆแ‰ แ‰ตแˆ። แ‰ณแˆชแŠญแˆ แ‰ขแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแŒปแˆแ‹‰ แ‰ แ‰‚แˆ แ‰ แ‰€แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ። แ‹ˆแ‰€แˆณ፣ แ‰ตแ‰ฝแ‰ตแŠ“ แˆ‚แˆต แŒˆแŠ•แ‰ข แ‹จแˆšแˆ†แŠ‘แ‰ต แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฅ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹‰ แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แˆฒแˆแŒธแˆ™ แАแ‹‰። แ‰ณแˆชแŠญแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰…แˆฐแŠ• แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ฅแŠ“แˆตแ‰ฅแ‰ แ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ แˆˆแŒ  แŒ แ‰ƒแˆšแАแ‰ต แŠ แˆˆแ‹‰ แ‰ฅแ‹ฌ แŠ แˆแŠ“แˆˆแˆ።
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Thursday, January 22, 2015

“แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠแАแ‰ต แ‹ˆแŠ•แŒ€แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆˆแˆ” – แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ›-แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แАแŒปแАแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแˆแ€แˆ แ‹จแˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ต แŒฅแˆฐแ‰ต (แ‹จแˆ‚แ‹แˆ›แŠ• แˆซแ‹ญแ‰ตแˆต แ‹‹แ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŒแˆˆแŒซ)

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แŠฅ.แŠค.แŠ . แŒƒแŠ•แ‹‹แˆช 2015 แ‹“.แˆ. แˆ›แŒ แ‰ƒแˆˆแ‹ซ
แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆ…แ‹แ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹ฎแ‰ณแ‹Š แ‹ดแˆžแŠญแˆซแˆฒแ‹ซแ‹Š แŒแŠ•แ‰ฃแˆญ (แŠขแˆ…แŠ แ‹ดแŒ) แŠฅ.แŠค.แŠ . แ‰ 2010 แ‹“.แˆ. แ‰ แ‰ฐแŠซแˆ„แ‹ฐแ‹ แˆแˆญแŒซ 99.6 แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰ถ แ‹จแ“แˆญแˆ‹แˆ› แˆ˜แ‰€แˆ˜แŒซแŠ• แŠซแˆธแАแˆ แŒŠแ‹œ แŒ€แˆแˆฎ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แˆƒแˆณแ‰ฅแŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแŒฝ แАแŒปแАแ‰ตแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แ‹จแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ตแŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แŒˆแ‹ฐแ‰ฅ แ‰ แŒแˆ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ›-แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแ‹ซแˆณแ‹ฐแˆจ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แŠ แˆ‰แ‰ณแ‹Š แ‰ฐแŒฝแ‹•แŠ– แŠ แ‰ฃแ‰ฅแˆถแ‰ณแˆ፡፡ แŠฅ.แŠค.แŠ . แŠจ2010 แ‹“.แˆ. แŒ€แˆแˆฎ แ‰ขแ‹ซแŠ•แˆต 60 แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝ แˆƒแŒˆแˆญ แˆˆแ‰€แ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‹ฐแ‹ฑ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ 19 แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‰ แŠฅแˆตแˆญ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ƒแ‹ฉ แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆ‰፡፡ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‰ แ‹ฐแˆญแ‹˜แŠ–แ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแ‰†แŒ แˆฉ แˆ…แ‰ตแˆ˜แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹˜แŒแ‰ทแˆ፤ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹Žแ‰นแŠ• แ‹จแ‰ดแˆŒแ‰ชแ‹ฅแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆฌแ‹ตแ‹ฎ แˆตแˆญแŒญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆฉ แˆตแˆญ แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹จแ‹Šแ‹ซแŠ• แ‹จแˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฎแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฐ แАแŒป แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ตแŠ•แ‰ณแŠ” แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒˆแŠ™แ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แŠฅแ‹ตแˆ แŠ แŒฃแ‰งแˆ። แ‰ แŒแŠ•แ‰ฆแ‰ต 2007 แ‰ แˆšแŠซแˆ„แ‹ฐแ‹ แˆแˆญแŒซ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ›-แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ‘ แˆ…แ‹แ‰กแŠ• แ‰ แ‹ˆแˆณแŠ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฎแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ฐแˆ›แˆญแˆ แˆ†แА แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ต แˆจแŒˆแ‹ต แ‰แˆแ แˆšแŠ“ แˆŠแŒซแ‹ˆแ‰ฑ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แАแ‰ แˆญ፤ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠจแˆซแŠจแˆชแ‹ซ แˆ˜แ‹ตแˆจแŠญ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แˆŠแ‹ซแŒˆแˆˆแŒแˆ‰ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แАแ‰ แˆญ፤ แ‹ญแˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แŒ‚ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‰ แˆƒแŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑ แˆ‹แˆˆแ‹ แ‰ฅแ‰ธแŠ› แ‹จแ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹จแŒแˆ‰แŠ• แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ›-แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แˆตแŒ‹แ‰ต แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒŽ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹แˆฐแ‹ต แ‹จแŒแˆ‰แŠ• แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ›-แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ•፣ แАแŒป แŒ‹แ‹œแ‰ฐแŠแАแ‰ตแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฐแ‰บ แ‰ตแŠ•แ‰ณแŠ”แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แŒฅแ‹แ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แ‹˜แ‹ดแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แŒ แ‰€แˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ญแˆ…แˆ แ‹จแŠจแ‹ แ‹แŒคแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแŠจแ‰ตแˆแˆ።
แ‹จแŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ต แ‰ฐแŠจแˆซแŠซแˆช แ‹จแˆ†แАแ‹ แ‹จแŠฎแˆšแ‰ด แ‰ฑ แ•แˆฎแ‰ดแŠญแ‰ต แŒ†แˆญแŠ“แˆŠแˆตแ‰ตแˆต (Committee to protect Journalists) แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ‚แ‹ฉแˆ›แŠ• แˆซแ‹ญแ‰ตแˆต แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซแˆ˜แˆˆแŠญแ‰ฐแ‹ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŠจแŠขแˆซแŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰€แŒ แˆ แ‰ แ‹“แˆˆแˆ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แ‰แŒฅแˆญ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆตแ‹ฐแ‰ต แ‹จแˆแ‰ตแ‹ณแˆญแŒ แˆ€แŒˆแˆญ แˆ†แŠ“แˆˆแ‰ฝ። แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ต แŠ แ‹แŠ แˆ…แŒŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒˆแ‹ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‹จแ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ฑ แ‹ซแˆ‰ แŠญแˆตแ‰ฐแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฎแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠ แˆตแˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ฐแ‹ แ‰ แˆšแˆฐแˆฉแ‰ต แ‹˜แŒˆแ‰ฃ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ตแŠ•แ‰ณแŠ” แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแŒ‹แŒ‹แˆš แŠญแˆต แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆฐแˆญแ‰ฑแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹‹แˆ፤ แแˆญแ‹ต แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝแˆ แŠญแˆฑแŠ• แ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ตแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแŒฅแ‹แ‰ฐแŠแАแ‰ต แ‹แˆณแŠ” แ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฐแˆ‹แˆแ‹แˆ‰፡፡ แ‰ แŠ แˆแŠ‘ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ต แŠฅแˆตแŠญแŠ•แ‹ตแˆญ แАแŒ‹แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แˆญแ‹•แ‹ฎแ‰ต แ‹“แˆˆแˆ™แŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แˆฐแˆ‰ แŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แŠญแˆแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญแ‰ฐแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰แˆ แˆ†แА แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰ แŠจแ‹ฐแˆญแ‹˜แŠ• แ‰ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแˆ†แŠ‘ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝ แŠฅแ‹จแ‹ฐแˆจแˆฐแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹แŠ• แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆณแ‹ฉ แˆแˆแŠญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ†แАแ‹‹แˆ። แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰น แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แˆตแŒ‹แ‰ต แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ™፣ แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆชแ‹ซ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆณแ‰ธแ‹፣ แŠ แˆแŽ แŠ แˆแŽแˆ แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‹Š แŒฅแ‰ƒแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแˆแŒธแˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแŠ“ แ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซแ‹Š แ‹ญแ‹˜แ‰ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‹จแ‹ˆแŠ•แŒ€แˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแŠ•แˆ แ‹จแˆฝแ‰ฅแˆญ แŠญแˆต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹፡፡ แ‹จแแˆญแ‹ต แ‰คแ‰ต แŠญแˆญแŠญแˆซแ‰ธแ‹ แแ‰ตแˆƒแ‹Š แ‹จแแˆญแ‹ต แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแŒฅแˆฑ แŠ แˆฐแˆซแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ณแ‹ฉแ‰ แ‰ต แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แแˆญแ‹ต แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰นแˆ แ‰ แ‹ซแ‹Ÿแ‰ธแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฎแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแŒงแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹แˆณแŠ”แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŒˆแˆˆแˆแ‰ฐแŠ› แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแˆแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆณแ‹ญ แАแ‹።
แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ™แ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹Žแ‰น แ‹จแˆ…แ‰ตแˆ˜แ‰ต แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ›-แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แŠจแˆ˜แŒแˆตแ‰ต แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹จแ‰€แˆจแ‰  แ‰ตแˆตแˆตแˆญ แŠ แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹፤ แ‰ แ‹ˆแˆณแŠ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฎแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆฐแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹จ แŠ แ‰‹แˆ แŠฅแˆแ‰ฅแ‹›แˆ แŠ แ‹ซแŠ•แŒธแ‰ฃแˆญแ‰แˆ።แ‹จแŒแˆ แ‹จแˆ…แ‰ตแˆ˜แ‰ต แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ›-แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แŠจแ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ซแ‹™ แ‰ฝแŒแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‹ซแŒ‹แŒฅแˆ›แ‰ธแ‹‹แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‰ แ‹ฐแˆ…แŠ•แАแ‰ต แˆฐแˆซแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ณแ‰ณแ‹ญ แ‹ˆแŠจแ‰ฃ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆญแˆตแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹‹แˆ፡፡ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฐแ‰น แ‹จแˆ…แ‰ตแˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹แŒคแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‹จแŒŠแ‹œแ‹ แ‹ญแ‹˜แŒ‹แˆ‰፣ แ‹จแ‰ แˆฐแˆˆ แ‰ตแ‰ฝแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‰€แˆญแ‰ก แ‹จแˆ…แ‰ตแˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹แŒคแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‰ตแˆ™ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŠจแ‹แแˆ‰ แŠ แˆณแ‰ณแˆšแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แŠจแ‹แ‹แ‹ฎแ‰ฝแˆ แ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒแ‰ฐแ‹‹แˆ፡፡ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ–แˆŠแˆฒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ตแ‰ฝแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแˆฐแАแ‹แˆฉ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŠ แ‰ฃแˆŽแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แŒญแˆแˆญ แ‹จแŒฅแ‰ƒแ‰ต፣ แ‹จแˆ˜แ‰ณแˆฐแˆญ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŒˆแ‰ข แˆแŠ•แŒซแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แŒฃแ‰ต แ‹˜แˆ‹แ‰‚ แˆตแŒ‹แ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‹ตแ‰ƒแˆ‰፡፡ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ›-แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แ‰ฐแ‰†แŒฃแŒฅแˆฎ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‹จแ‰€แˆฉแ‰ต แŒฅแ‰‚แ‰ต แ‹จแŒแˆ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ›-แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ•แˆ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ญ แˆˆแŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ข แ‹จแ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฎแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แˆšแˆฐแŒกแ‰ต แˆฝแ‹แŠ• แˆซแˆณแ‰ธแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰…แ‹ตแˆ˜ แˆแˆญแˆ˜แˆซ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‰ แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‹แˆ‰ แ‹ญแˆ…แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹˜แŒ‹แˆˆแŠ• แŠจแˆšแˆ แแˆญแˆƒแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ˜แАแŒจ แАแ‹፡፡
แ‹ญแˆ… แˆชแ–แˆญแ‰ต แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แАแŒป แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠแАแ‰ตแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ตแŠ•แ‰ณแŠ”แŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰†แŒฃแŒ แˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แ‹จแˆ›แŒแŠ› แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ตแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŒˆแ‹ฐแ‰ฅ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ แ‰€แˆ›แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹˜แ‹ดแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแ‹˜แŒแ‰ฅ แАแ‹፡፡ แˆชแ–แˆญแ‰ฑ แŠจ70 แ‹จแˆšแ‰ แˆแŒก แ‹จแŠ แˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰€แ‹ตแˆž แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ›-แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ƒแˆˆ-แˆ˜แŒ แ‹ญแ‰… แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ› แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠแ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แŠ แˆตแŠจแŠ แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แ‹šแˆ…แˆ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แˆƒแˆณแ‰ฅแŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แŒแˆˆแŒฝ แАแŒปแАแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ›-แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‹ฐแˆจแˆฐแ‹แŠ• แŠ แˆ‰แ‰ณแ‹Š แ‰ฐแŒฝแ‹•แŠ– แ‹ญแ‹˜แˆจแ‹แˆซแˆ፡፡
แ‰ แˆตแ‹แ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹˜แŒˆแ‰ก แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฎแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจแ‹“แˆˆแˆแ‹“แ‰€แ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆจแˆฐแ‰ฅ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆฐแАแ‹˜แˆฉ แ‹แŒแ‹˜แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ขแŠ–แˆฉแˆ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แˆˆแŒˆแˆˆแˆแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹จแˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ›-แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แ‹ตแˆแŒฝ แˆแŠ•แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ˜แˆˆแˆณแˆˆแˆต แˆแˆแŠญแ‰ต แŠ แˆ‹แˆณแ‹จแˆ፤ แŠฅ.แŠค.แŠ . แ‰ 2014 แ‹“.แˆ แ‹จแŒแˆ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ› แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฐแ‹ แŠ แˆ‰แ‰ณแ‹Š แ‰ฐแŒฝแ‹•แŠ– แ‰ แŠฅแŒ…แŒ‰ แ‰ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ฅแˆทแˆ፡፡ แŠ แˆตแˆญ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แŒฆแˆ›แˆชแ‹ซแŠ• แŠญแˆต แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹แˆญแ‹แˆญ แ‰ฐแ‰€แˆ‹แ‰…แˆˆแ‹‹แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แŠ แˆแˆตแ‰ต แˆ˜แŒฝแˆ„แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŒ‹แ‹œแŒฃ แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‹จแ‹›แ‰ป แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆชแ‹ซ แ‹˜แˆ˜แ‰ป แŠจแ‰ฐแŠซแˆ„แ‹ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹˜แŒ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ“แˆ፡፡ แ‹˜แˆ˜แ‰ปแ‹ แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‰ แˆšแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆจแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ดแˆŒแ‰ชแ‹ฅแŠ• แŒฃแ‰ขแ‹ซ แ‹จแˆ…แ‰ตแˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹แŒคแ‰ถแ‰น แˆฝแ‰ฅแˆญแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ฐแŒแ‰ แŠ แˆตแˆ˜แˆตแˆŽ แˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ፣ แ‹จแˆ…แ‰ตแˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹แŒคแ‰ถแ‰นแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‰ตแˆ™ แˆ›แ‰ฐแˆšแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แ‹‹แŠจแ‰ฅ፣ แ‰ แˆ…แ‰ตแˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹แŒคแ‰ถแ‰น แ‹จแˆ›แŠจแ‹แˆแˆ แˆตแˆซ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แŒฃแˆแ‰ƒ แŒˆแ‰ฅแАแ‰ต፤ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แŠจแ‹ฐแˆ…แŠ•แАแ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ“แ‰ต แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แ‹›แ‰ปแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แˆฐแŠ•แ‹˜แˆญแŠ• แ‹ซแŠซแ‰ตแ‰ณแˆ፡፡ แ‹ญแˆ…แˆ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒจแˆจแˆป แ‰ แ‹ฐแˆญแ‹˜แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‰†แŒ แˆฉ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แ‹จแˆ…แ‰ตแˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹แŒคแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆƒแŒˆแˆญ แˆˆแ‰€แ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆฐแ‹ฐแ‹ฑ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ถแ‰น แ‹จแ‹ˆแŠ•แŒ€แˆ แŠญแˆต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ตแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‰ฐแŠจแŠ“แ‹ˆแŠ—แˆ። แแˆญแ‹ต แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆŒแˆ‹ แˆแŠ•แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‰ฐแŒจแ‰ฃแŒญ แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แˆณแ‹ญแ‰€แˆญแ‰ฅ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฐแ‰น แŒฝแˆแŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ฅแ‰ป แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‰ แˆถแˆตแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ…แ‰ตแˆ˜แ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แˆŒแˆ‰แ‰ แ‰ต แŠฅแ‹ซแŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ณแ‰ธแ‹ แŠจแˆถแˆตแ‰ต แŠ แˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‰ แˆแŒฅ แŠฅแˆตแˆญ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‰€แŒก แ‹ˆแˆตแАแ‹แ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹‹แˆ፡፡ แ‹จแˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆ…แ‰ตแˆ˜แ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠญแˆตแˆ แ‰ แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แАแ‹፡ ፡
แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แŠจแˆšแˆแ…แˆ›แ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ตแŠฉแˆจแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆตแ‰ก แŠฅแˆตแˆฎแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ›-แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ•แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ณแŠจแˆ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆˆแˆ˜แ‹แŒ‹แ‰ต แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แ‰ แŒแˆแŒฝ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ญแ‰ณแ‹ฉ แ‹จแŠฅแŒ… แŠ แ‹™แˆญ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ญแŒ แ‰€แˆ›แˆ፡፡ แ‹จแ‹ฐแˆ…แŠ•แАแ‰ต แˆฐแˆซแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ข แ‹จแ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฎแ‰ฝ แ‹™แˆชแ‹ซ แ‹จแˆšแŒฝแ‰ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ณแ‰ณแ‹ญ แ‹›แ‰ป แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆชแ‹ซ แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฑแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹‹แˆ፡፡ แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แ‹›แ‰ปแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ฅแ‹™แ‹แŠ• แŒŠแ‹œ แŠจแŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰นแˆ แŠ แˆแŽ แ‹ˆแ‹ฐ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแŠ“ แŒ“แ‹ฐแŠžแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แ‹ญแ‹˜แˆแ‰ƒแˆ‰፡፡ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆตแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆชแ‹ซ แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹ แ‰ แˆšแˆฐแˆฉแ‰ต แ‹˜แŒˆแ‰ฃ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰…แ‹ตแˆ˜-แˆแˆญแˆ˜แˆซ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹ซแŠซแˆ‚แ‹ฑแ‰ต แ‰ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹ แŠญแˆตแˆ แˆณแ‹ญแˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ตแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แ‹˜แˆแ‰€แ‹ฐ แ‹ญแ‰ณแˆฐแˆซแˆ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แ‹›แ‰ป แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆชแ‹ซ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆญแˆณแ‰ธแ‹‹แˆ፡፡ แŠจแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แ‹แŒญ แ‰ แˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฐแ‹ แ‹ซแˆแ‰ฐแŒˆแ‰ฃ แŠ แ‹ซแ‹ซแ‹ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹ตแ‰ฅแ‹ฐแ‰ฃ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแˆ˜แ‹ฐ แˆ†แŠ—แˆ፤ แ‰ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹ แŒŠแ‹œแˆ แ‹จแ‹ˆแАแŒ€แˆ แŠญแˆต แ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ตแˆŽ แ‹ญแˆ˜แŒฃแˆ። แ‰ฅแ‹™แ‹Žแ‰น แˆˆแˆจแ‹ฅแˆ แŒŠแ‹œ แ‹ซแŒˆแˆˆแŒˆแˆ‰ แ‹จแŒแˆ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แŒŠแ‹œแ‹ซแ‰ต แŠฅแˆตแˆญ แ‰ฐแˆแŒฝแˆžแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹‹แˆ፤ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แŠจแ‹ฐแˆ…แŠ•แАแ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ“แ‰ต፣ แŠจแŒˆแ‹ขแ‹ แ“แˆญแ‰ฒ แŠซแ‹ตแˆฌแ‹Žแ‰ฝ፣ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠจแ‰€แ‹ตแˆžแ‹ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰‚แ‹ซ แˆšแŠ’แˆตแ‰ดแˆญ แŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แŠฎแˆแ‹ฉแŠ’แŠฌแ‹ญแˆฝแŠ• แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฎแ‰ฝ แ‰ขแˆฎ แŠจแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แˆ˜แˆตแˆชแ‹ซแ‰คแ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ“แ‰ต แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰ถแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแ‰†แŒ แˆฉ แ‹›แ‰ปแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ฅแˆˆแ‹‹แˆ፡፡
แ‹ญแˆ…แˆ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒจแˆจแˆป แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆซแˆณแ‰ธแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰…แ‹ตแˆ˜-แˆแˆญแˆ˜แˆซ แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แ‹จแŒˆแ‹ฅแ‹แŠ• แ“แˆญแ‰ฒ แŠ แŒ€แŠ•แ‹ณ แŠจแˆ›แˆซแŒˆแ‰ฅ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแŠ•แˆ แˆซแˆณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰คแ‰ฐแˆฐแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆŠแŒฅแˆ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฝแˆ แ‹˜แŒˆแ‰ฃ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ตแŠ•แ‰ณแŠ” แˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แŠจแˆ˜แ‰€แŒ แˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑแŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แˆแˆจแŒฅ แŠจแ‰ฃแ‹ต แˆแ‰ฐแŠ“ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ˆแ‹ตแ‰ แ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‹แˆ።
แ‰ แŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฅ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจแˆšแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฐแ‹ แŒฅแ‰ƒแ‰ต แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒจแˆ›แˆช แ‹จแŒแˆ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ›-แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆ…แ‰ตแˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹แŒคแ‰ถแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆณแ‰ตแˆ™แ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆ›แ‰ฐแˆšแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ณแŠจแˆ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ“แ‰ฑ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ญแŒ แ‰€แˆ›แˆ‰፡፡ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒแˆตแ‰ต แˆตแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆจแ‹ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‹ฐแ‰ แŠ›แАแ‰ต แŒ‹แ‹œแŒฆแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆ›แ‰ฐแˆ แŠ แ‰…แˆ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹ แ‰ฅแ‰ธแŠ› แˆ›แ‰ฐแˆšแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ต แ‹จแŒแˆ แˆ…แ‰ตแˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹แŒคแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆตแˆซ แ‹ซแ‹˜แŒˆแ‹ซแˆ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแŠ•แˆ แŠ แ‹ญแ‰€แ‰ แˆแˆ፣ แ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ต แŠ แŒ‹แŒฃแˆš แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ข แАแ‹ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ญ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹˜แŒˆแ‰ฃ แ‹ซแˆณแ‰ฐแˆ˜แŠ• แŒ‹แ‹œแŒฃ 40,000 แŠฎแ’ แˆ…แ‰ตแˆ˜แ‰ต แŠ แ‰ƒแŒฅแˆแˆ፡፡ แ‹จแ‹ฐแˆ…แŠ•แАแ‰ต แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹จแŒแˆ แˆ…แ‰ตแˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹แŒคแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠ แŠจแ‹แ‹แ‹ฎแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญแˆ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแŒ‰แ‰ตแŠ• แŠญแ‰ตแ‰ตแˆ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ฐแˆญแˆฑแ‰ตแŠ• แŒฅแ‰ƒแ‰ต แŒจแˆแˆจแ‹‹แˆ፡፡ แ‹จแŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆแŠ•แŒฎแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแŒ‹แŒ‹แˆš แˆˆแŒฅแ‰ƒแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแŒ‹แˆˆแŒก แŠจแˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ› แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แŒ‹แˆญ แˆˆแˆ˜แАแŒ‹แŒˆแˆญ แแˆญแˆƒแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ตแˆญแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰แŒฅแˆญแˆ แŠฅแ‹จแŒจแˆ˜แˆจ แАแ‹።
แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‹จแŒแˆ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆญ แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ฐแˆซแŒ€แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ฐแˆจแŒแŠ• แˆ™แŠจแˆซ แ‹ซแŒแ‹ณแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‹จแŒแˆ แ‹จแˆ…แ‰ตแˆ˜แ‰ต แ‹แŒคแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซแ‹Š แ‰ตแˆตแˆตแˆญ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฐ แ‹จแ‹ฐแˆ…แŠ•แАแ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ“แ‰ต แˆฐแŠ แ‹จแŠ‹แˆ‹ แ‰ณแˆชแŠญ แŒฅแŠ“แ‰ต แ‹ซแŠซแˆ‚แ‹ณแˆ‰፡፡ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‹จแŒˆแ‹ฅแ‹ แ“แˆญแ‰ฒ แˆ™แˆ‰ แ‹ฐแŒ‹แŠ แ‹ซแˆแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹จแŒแˆ แˆ…แ‰ตแˆ˜แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆšแ‹ซแ‰€แˆญแ‰กแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ…แ‰ตแˆ˜แ‰ต แˆแ‰ƒแ‹ต แŠ แˆŠแ‹ซแˆ แŠฅแ‹ตแˆณแ‰ต แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ“แ‰ต แˆแˆ‹แˆฝ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ต แ‹ญแ‹˜แŒˆแ‹ซแˆ‰፡፡
แ‹จแ‹ตแˆจ-แŒˆแŒฝ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ› แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ•แˆ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆปแˆˆ แˆ˜แˆแŠฉ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹™ แŠ แ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆ‰แˆ፡፡ แ‰ แ‹แŒญ แˆƒแŒˆแˆซแ‰ต แ‰ แˆšแŠ–แˆฉ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹Šแ‹ซแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แˆฉ แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แŒฆแˆ›แˆฎแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹ตแˆจ-แŒˆแŒพแ‰ฝ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแ‰ณแ‹ฉ แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆญแŒˆแ‹‹แˆ፡፡ แŠฅ.แŠค.แŠ . แ‰ 2014 แ‹“.แˆ แ‹žแŠ• แ‹˜แŒ แŠ แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰ฃแˆ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰แ‰ต แ‰ แˆƒแŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑ แ‹ˆแ‰…แ‰ณแ‹Š แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฎแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ตแŠ•แ‰ณแŠ” แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‰€แˆญแ‰ก แ‹จแŒฆแˆ›แˆชแ‹ซแŠ• แˆตแ‰ฅแˆตแ‰ฅ 80 แ‰€แŠ“แ‰ต แŠญแˆต แˆณแ‹ญแˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ตแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แŠฅแˆตแˆญ แŠจแ‰†แ‹ฉ แ‰ แŠ‹แˆ‹ แ‰ แŒธแˆจ-แˆฝแ‰ฅแˆญ แŠ แ‹‹แŒ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ‹ˆแŠ•แŒ€แˆ แˆ…แŒ‰ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แ‰ฐแŠจแˆฐแ‹‹แˆ፡፡ แ‰ แ‰€แˆจแ‰ แ‹ แŠญแˆต แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แ‰ แŠญแˆต แ‹แˆญแ‹แˆญ แˆฐแАแ‹ฑ แŠจแ‰ฐแŒ แ‰€แˆฐแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แˆ›แˆตแˆจแŒƒ แˆ˜แŠซแŠจแˆ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ฑ แ‰ดแŠญแŠ’แŠซแˆ แ‰ดแŠญแŠ–แˆŽแŒ‚ แŠฎแˆŒแŠญแ‰ฒแ‰ญ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แ‰ แŠขแŠ•แ‰ฐแˆญแŠ”แ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ แ‹จแŒแˆ‹แ‹Š แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆšแˆตแŒฅแˆซแ‹ŠแАแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แŒ แ‰ แ‰… แ‹จแˆšแˆจแ‹ฑ แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ฃแˆซแ‰ตแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ˜แˆณแˆชแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แˆšแ‹ซแ‰€แˆญแ‰ แ‹ แ‹“แˆˆแˆ แ‹“แ‰€แ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ณแ‹Š แ‹ซแˆแˆ†แА แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ต แ‹จแ‹ฒแŒ‚แ‰ณแˆ แ‹ฐแˆ…แŠ•แАแ‰ต แŒฅแ‰ แ‰ƒ แˆตแˆแŒ แŠ“ แ‹ˆแˆตแ‹ฐแ‹‹แˆ แ‹จแˆšแˆ แАแ‹፡ ፡ แ‹จแ‹žแŠ• แ‹˜แŒ แŠ แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ‹แ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ณแˆฐแˆญ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ˜แŠจแˆฐแˆต แ‰ แˆƒแŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑ แˆƒแˆณแ‰ฅแŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแŒฝ แАแŒปแАแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแแˆญแˆƒแ‰ต แ‹ตแ‰ฃแ‰ฅ แˆแŒฅแˆฎแŠ แˆ። แ‹ญแˆ…แˆ แŒฆแˆ›แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŠขแŠ•แ‰ฐแˆญแŠ”แ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฐแˆŸแŒ‹แ‰พแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŒแˆตแ‰กแŠญแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆณแˆฐแˆ‰ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆซแ‹Š แ‹ตแˆจ-แŒˆแŒพแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆšแˆˆแŒฅแแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ตแ‰ฝแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แ‰ฝแŒแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆแŠ•แŒˆแ‰ฃ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆˆแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แˆตแŒ‹แ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แŠฅแŒ…แŒ‰ แŠจแ แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒŽแ‰ณแˆ፡ ፡
แ‰ แˆฌแ‹ตแ‹ฎ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ดแˆŒแ‰ชแ‹ฅแŠ• แˆตแˆญแŒญแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แˆ แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆณแˆณแ‹ญ แАแ‹፡፡ แŠ แ‰ฅแ‹›แŠ›แ‹Žแ‰น แ‹จแˆƒแŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑ แˆฌแ‹ตแ‹ฎ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ดแˆŒแ‰ชแ‹ฅแŠ• แŒฃแ‰ขแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แˆตแˆญ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แŒˆแˆˆแˆแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹จแ‹œแŠ“ แ‹˜แŒˆแ‰ฃ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ตแŠ•แ‰ณแŠ” แŠ แ‹ญแ‰€แˆญแ‰ฅแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹แˆ፡፡ แŠจ80 แ‰ แˆ˜แ‰ถ แ‹จแˆšแ‰ แˆแŒ แ‹ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆ…แ‹แ‰ฅ แ‹จแˆšแŠ–แˆจแ‹ แ‰ แŒˆแŒ แˆซแˆ› แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆฌแ‹ตแ‹ฎ แŠฅแˆตแŠจแŠ แˆแŠ• แ‹‹แŠ“แ‹ แ‹จแ‹œแŠ“ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆ›แŒแŠ› แˆแŠ•แŒญ แŠจแˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘ แŠ แŠ•แŒปแˆญ แ‹ญแˆ… แ‰ แŒฃแˆ แŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ข แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ญ แАแ‹፡፡ แ‰ แ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซแ‹Š แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฎแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹˜แŒˆแ‰ฃ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‰€แˆญแ‰ก แŒฅแ‰‚แ‰ต แ‹จแŒแˆ แˆฌแ‹ตแ‹ฎ แŒฃแ‰ขแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹แŒแŒ…แ‰ถแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แŠ แ‹จแˆญ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠจแˆ›แˆตแ‰ฐแˆ‹แˆˆแ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŠจแ‰€แŠ“แ‰ต แ‰ แŠแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ“แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแŒˆแˆ˜แŒแˆ™แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซแŒธแ‹ตแ‰แ‰ต แˆˆแˆ‚แ‹แˆ›แŠ• แˆซแ‹ญแ‰ตแˆต แ‹ˆแ‰ฝ แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒแˆจแ‹‹แˆ፡፡ แ‰ฐแ‰€แ‰ฃแ‹ญแАแ‰ต แŠซแŒˆแŠ˜แ‹ แ‹ญแ‹˜แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆแАแŒแŒก แŠ แˆฐแˆซแŒฎแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ“แ‰ฐ แ‹จแˆšแˆแŒธแˆ แŠฅแˆตแˆญ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹ˆแŠจแ‰ฃ แŒ‹แˆญ แˆ˜แŒ‹แˆแŒฅ แˆŠแŠ–แˆญแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ።
แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝ แŠจแˆ›แ‹ซแ‰‹แˆญแŒฅ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹‹แŠจแ‰ฅ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแแˆญแˆƒแ‰ต แˆ•แ‹ญแ‹ˆแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แŒˆแˆ‹แŒˆแˆ แˆฒแˆ‰ แŠจแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ตแˆตแˆตแˆญ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ›-แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แ‰ฐแ‰€แŒฅแˆจแ‹ แˆ˜แˆตแˆซแ‰ต แ‹ญแˆ˜แˆญแŒฃแˆ‰፡፡ แŠ แŠ•แ‹ณแŠ•แ‹ถแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ“แ‰ตแŠ• แŠฅแˆตแŠจแˆ›แ‹ซแˆตแ‰†แŒฃ แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹ซ แˆ˜แˆตแˆ˜แˆญ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ†แАแ‹ แ‰ตแ‰ฝแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‰€แˆญแ‰ก แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆแˆ›แ‰ต แ‹แŒคแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แ‹ˆแ‰… แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ›แŒ‹แАแŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ•แˆฎแ–แŒ‹แŠ•แ‹ณ แŠ แˆซแŒ‹แ‰ขแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ†แАแ‹ แ‹ญแˆฐแˆซแˆ‰፡፡ แ‰ แŠฅแАแ‹šแˆ… แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ› แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แ‹จแŠขแˆ…แŠ แ‹ดแŒ แŠ แ‰ฃแˆแАแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹ตแŒˆแ‰ต แˆˆแˆ›แŒแŠ˜แ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‹จแ‰… แˆ˜แˆตแˆแˆญแ‰ต แАแ‹፡፡
แ‰ แŠขแŒฅแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ™แ‰ต แ‹จแ‹แŒญ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ› แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แ‹แˆฑแŠ• แŠ“แ‰ธแ‹። แ‹จแŠ แˆœแˆชแŠซ แ‹ตแˆแŒฝ แ‰ฎแ‹ญแˆต แŠฆแ แŠ แˆœแˆชแŠซ (แ‰ชแŠฆแŠค) แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŒ€แˆญแˆ˜แŠ• แ‹ตแˆแŒฝ แ‹ถแ‰ผแ‰ฌแˆŒ แ‹จแ‰ดแˆŠแ‰ชแ‹ฅแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆฌแ‹ตแ‹ฎ แˆฝแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ต แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แ‹จแ‹ฒแ‹ซแˆตแ–แˆซ แŒฃแ‰ขแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ฐแ‰€แˆ‹แ‰…แˆˆแ‹‹แˆ፡፡ แˆ†แŠ–แˆ แ‹จแŠ แ‹จแˆญ แˆžแŒˆแ‹ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แŒˆแ‹ต፣ แ‰ แˆฐแˆซแ‰ฐแŠžแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆแŠ•แŒฎแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹›แ‰ป แŠฅแŠ“ แŒฅแ‰ƒแ‰ต แ‰ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแˆต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‰ แ‰…แˆญแ‰ก แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แ‹จแ‹ฒแ‹ซแˆตแ–แˆซ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆตแˆญแŒญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆšแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฑ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแ‹ณแˆแŒก แŒแˆˆแˆถแ‰ฆแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แˆ›แŒฅแ‰ƒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ›แˆฐแˆญ แŒญแˆแˆญ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‹จแˆƒแŒˆแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แ‰ฐแŠจแ‰ณแ‰ณแ‹ฎแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŒˆแ‹ฐแ‰ฅ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แ‹˜แ‹ดแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ญแŒ แ‰€แˆ›แˆ፡፡
แŠฅ.แŠค.แŠ . แŠจ2009 แ‹“.แˆ แŒ€แˆแˆฎ แ‰ แ‰ แŒŽ แŠ แ‹ตแˆซแŒŽแ‰ต แ‹ตแˆญแŒ…แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ›แˆ•แ‰ แˆซแ‰ต แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ แ‹ฐแˆจแˆฐแ‹ แŒซแŠ“ แˆแŠญแŠ•แ‹ซแ‰ต แ‰ แˆญแŠซแ‰ณ แ‹จแˆฒแ‰ชแˆ แˆ›แˆ•แ‰ แˆซแ‰ต แˆตแˆซ แˆˆแˆ›แ‰†แˆ แ‹จแ‰ฐแŒˆแ‹ฐแ‹ฑ แˆฒแˆ†แŠ• แ‹ซแˆ‰แ‰ต แ‹จแ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ แ“แˆญแ‰ฒแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŒฅแ‰ฅแ‰… แŒˆแ‹ฐแ‰ฅ แ‰ฐแŒฅแˆŽแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹‹แˆ፡፡ แ‹ญแˆ… แ‹ฐแŒแˆž แŠ•แ‰ แŠฅแŠ“ แАแŒป แ‹จแˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ›-แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แ‹˜แˆญแ แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆญ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‰ฐแˆณแ‰ตแŽแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แ‰ แˆญแŠจแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆฐแ‰ฅแ‹“แ‹Š แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆปแˆˆ แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠจแ‰ แˆฉ แˆˆแˆ›แŒˆแ‹ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แŠ แˆตแˆแˆ‹แŒŠแАแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ แˆˆแŒ  แ‹ซแŒŽแˆ‹แ‹‹แˆ። แŠ แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰ณแ‹ฐแˆ แˆ†แŠ– แ‰ แ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ แˆแАแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŒˆแˆˆแˆแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆฝแ‹แŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ‹œแŠ“ แ‰ตแŠ•แ‰ณแŠ” แˆˆแˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แˆ แŒฅแ‰‚แ‰ต แŠญแแ‰ฐแ‰ต แŠฅ.แŠค.แŠ . แ‰ 2014 แ‹“.แˆ. แ‹จแ‰ แˆˆแŒ  แ‰ฐแŒฃแ‰งแˆ፡፡ แŠจแŒแŠ•แ‰ฆแ‰ต 2007 แˆแˆญแŒซ แˆ˜แ‰ƒแˆจแ‰ฅ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ซแ‹˜ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแ‹Šแ‹ซแŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ซแ‹ฉ แ‹จแ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแ‹Š แŠ แ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹ฎแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ตแŠ•แ‰ณแŠ”แ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒˆแŠ™แ‰ แ‰ต แŠฅแ‹ตแˆ แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แŠ“แˆ˜แА แАแ‹።
แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ›-แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แˆแŠ”แ‰ณแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆปแˆปแˆ แ‰ แŠ แŒญแˆญ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แˆจแŒ…แˆ แŒŠแ‹œ แŠ แˆแŠ•แˆ แ‰ฅแ‹™ แˆŠแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แ‹ญแ‰ฝแˆ‹แˆ፡፡ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐ แˆ˜แŒ€แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แŠฅแˆญแˆแŒƒ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แŠญแˆถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แŠ แˆตแ‰ธแŠณแ‹ญ แ‰ แˆ›แŠ•แˆณแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ณแˆฐแˆฉ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆแˆจแ‹ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แŒฆแˆ›แˆชแ‹ซแŠ•แŠ• แŠญแˆตแˆญ แˆŠแˆˆแ‰… แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆ፡፡ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆ˜แˆชแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠ•แ‰ แŠฅแŠ“ แŒˆแˆˆแˆแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹จแˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ› แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แˆ˜แŠ–แˆญ แˆˆแˆƒแŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑ แŠฅแ‹ตแŒˆแ‰ต แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹‹แŒฝแŠฆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแ‹ซแ‰ แˆจแŠญแ‰ต แˆŠแŒˆแАแ‹˜แ‰กแ‰ต แ‹ญแŒˆแ‰ฃแˆ፡፡ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‰ แˆ˜แŒชแ‹Žแ‰น แˆณแˆแŠ•แ‰ณแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹ˆแˆซแ‰ต แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‹จแŒธแˆจ- แˆฝแ‰ฅแˆญ แˆ…แŒ‰แŠ• แŒจแˆแˆฎ แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ› แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ‘ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แŠ แˆ‰แ‰ณแ‹Š แ‰ฐแŒฝแŠฅแŠ– แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆณแ‹ตแˆฉ แŠ แ‹แŠ แˆ…แŒŽแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แˆจแˆ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต፡፡ แ‹จแˆšแ‹ˆแŒก แˆ…แŒŽแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆšแˆแŒธแˆ™ แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ฃแˆซแ‰ต แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆ…แŒˆ-แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹“แˆˆแˆแ‹“แ‰€แ แˆ˜แˆˆแŠชแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ แˆšแŒฃแŒ แˆ แˆ˜แˆแŠฉ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ“แ‰ต แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แŠ แˆˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹፡፡
แˆˆแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต
แˆแŠญแˆจ แˆƒแˆณแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ

• แˆแˆ‰แŠ•แˆ แŠญแˆถแ‰ฝ แ‰ แŠ แˆตแ‰ธแŠณแ‹ญ แˆ›แŠ•แˆณแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‰ แ‹ˆแŠ•แŒ€แˆ แˆ˜แ‰…แŒซ แˆ…แŒ‰ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แŒธแˆจ-แˆฝแ‰ฅแˆญ แŠ แ‹‹แŒ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แ‰ฐแŠจแˆฐแ‹ แ‰ แ‹˜แˆแ‰€แ‹ฐ แ‹จแ‰ณแˆฐแˆฉ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แŒฆแˆ›แˆชแ‹ซแŠ• แ‰ แˆ™แˆ‰ แˆ˜แแ‰ณแ‰ต።
• แ‹จแŒธแˆจ-แˆฝแ‰ฅแˆญ แŠ แ‹‹แŒ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ›-แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แАแŒปแАแ‰ต แŠ แ‹‹แŒ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‹ แŠ แˆŠแ‹ซแˆ แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆ…แŒˆ- แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‰ แŠญแˆแˆ‹แ‹Š แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹“แˆˆแˆแ‹“แ‰€แ‹แ‹Š แ‹จแˆฐแ‰ฅแ‹“แ‹Š แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ต แˆ…แŒŽแ‰ฝ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆƒแˆณแ‰ฅแŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแŒฝ แАแŒปแАแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ต แŠจแ‰ฐแ‰€แˆ˜แŒก แˆ˜แˆตแˆแˆญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ แˆšแŒฃแŒฃแˆ แˆ˜แˆแŠฉ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆ˜แˆปแˆปแ‹ซ แˆ›แ‹ฐแˆจแŒ፡፡
• แ‹จแˆตแˆ แˆ›แŒฅแ‹แ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแ‹ˆแŠ•แŒ€แˆ แ‰…แŒฃแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแˆตแŠจแ‰ตแˆ แ‰ฐแ‹ฐแˆญแŒŽ แ‰ แ‹ˆแŠ•แŒ€แˆ แˆ˜แ‰…แŒซ แˆ…แŒ‰ แŠ แŠ•แ‰€แŒฝ 613 แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‹ฐแАแŒˆแŒˆแ‹แŠ• แˆ›แˆปแˆปแˆ።
• แ‰ แˆ…แ‰ตแˆ˜แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฅแˆฎแ‹ตแŠซแˆตแ‰ต แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ› แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แˆ‹แ‹ญ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ตแАแ‰ต แ‹ตแˆญแˆป แˆ˜แŒˆแ‹ฐแ‰ฅ ፤ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‹จแŒแˆ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ›-แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‰คแ‰ตแАแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแ‹ตแ‰ก แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฎแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆตแ‰€แˆจแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แŒˆแˆˆแˆแ‰ฐแŠ› แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ•แ‰ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ›-แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ•แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แ‰ แˆจแ‰ณแ‰ณแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแˆตแ‰ฝแˆ‰ แ‹จแˆ…แŒ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ–แˆŠแˆฒ แˆ›แˆตแ‰ฐแŠซแŠจแ‹ซ แŠฅแˆญแˆแŒƒแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ˜แ‹แˆฐแ‹ต።
• แŠ แ‹ณแ‹ฒแˆต แ‹จแˆ…แ‰ตแˆ˜แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆฌแ‹ตแ‹ฎ แˆตแˆญแŒญแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญแŠ“ แˆแ‰ƒแ‹ต แŠ แˆฐแˆซแˆญ แ‰€แˆแŒฃแ‹ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠจแ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซแ‹Š แ‹ญแ‹˜แ‰ต แАแŒป แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ። แ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญ แŠ แ‹ตแˆซแŒŠ แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ• แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ต แŒˆแˆˆแˆแ‰ฐแŠ› แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ• แŠ แˆˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹፤ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ณแ‹ฐแˆซแ‹Š แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ฐแŒแ‰ฃแˆซแ‹Š แŠฅแŠ•แ‰…แˆตแ‰ƒแˆดแ‹ซแ‰ธแ‹ แŠจแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‹จแ‹ฐแˆ…แŠ•แАแ‰ต แŠ แŠซแˆ‹แ‰ต แŠ แŠ“ แŠจแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แŠฎแˆแ‹ฉแŠ’แŠฌแ‹ญแˆฝแŠ• แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‰ฝ แ‰ขแˆฎ แˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แŠ แˆˆแ‰ แ‰ต፡፡
• แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‰ฅแˆฎแ‹ตแŠซแˆตแ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ• แŒˆแˆˆแˆแ‰ฐแŠ›แАแ‰ตแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แˆ›แˆปแˆปแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ።
• แ‹จแˆƒแŒˆแˆญ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ‹แŒญ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝ แ‰ แˆ˜แˆ‹แ‹ แˆƒแŒˆแˆชแ‰ฑ แ‰ แАแƒแАแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ˜แŠ•แ‰€แˆณแ‰€แˆต แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแ‹ตแ‰ก แŠ แˆฐแˆซแˆฎแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แˆตแ‹ˆแŒˆแ‹ต፣ แ‹ญแˆ…แˆ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹จแˆฐแ‰ฅแ‹“แ‹Š แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ต แŒฅแˆฐแ‰ต แŠฅแ‹จแ‰ฐแˆแŒธแˆ˜แ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แ‹ญแŒˆแŠ›แˆ‰ แ‰ แˆšแ‰ฃแˆ‰ แŠ แŠซแ‰ฃแ‰ขแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แ‰ แАแŒธแАแ‰ต แˆ˜แŠ•แ‰€แˆณแ‰€แˆตแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŒจแˆแˆญ፣ แ–แˆŠแˆต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ‹ฐแˆ…แŠ•แАแ‰ต แˆฐแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ›-แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แ‰ แАแŒปแАแ‰ต แ‹ญแŠ•แ‰€แˆณแ‰€แˆฑ แ‹˜แŠ•แ‹ต แˆแ‰ƒแ‹ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆฐแŒก แˆ˜แˆ˜แˆชแ‹ซ แˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ต፤ แ‰ แ‹›แ‰ป፣ แ‰ แˆ›แˆตแˆแˆซแˆซแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แˆ›แˆฐแˆญ แ‹จแŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‰…แˆตแ‰ƒแˆด แ‹จแŒˆแ‹ฐแ‰  แˆ›แŠ•แŠ›แ‹แˆ แ–แˆŠแˆต แ‰ แ‹ซแ‹˜แ‹ แ‹จแˆ›แ‹•แˆจแŒ แŠฅแˆญแŠจแŠ• แˆแ‹ฉแАแ‰ต แˆณแ‹ญแ‹ฐแˆจแŒ แˆ˜แ‰…แŒฃแ‰ต።
• แ‹จแ–แˆˆแ‰ฒแŠซ แ“แˆญแ‰ฒ ፣ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ› แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŒฆแˆ›แˆชแ‹ซแŠ• แ‹ตแˆจ-แŒˆแŒพแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แˆแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰…แ‹ตแˆ˜ แˆแˆญแˆ˜แˆซ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒแŠ• แˆ›แ‰†แˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แˆˆแ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‹šแˆ… แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แ‹ตแˆจ-แŒˆแ†แ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ‹แˆˆแˆ›แˆแŠ• แ‰ แ‹ญแ‹ แ‰ƒแˆ แˆ˜แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต።
• แ‹จแˆฌแ‹ตแ‹ฎ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ดแˆŒแ‰ชแ‹ฅแŠ• แŠ แ‹จแˆญ แˆžแŒˆแ‹ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ›แˆแŠ• แˆ›แ‰†แˆ ፤ แˆˆแ‹ˆแ‹ฐแŠแ‰ฑแˆ แ‹จแˆฌแ‹ตแ‹ฎ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ดแˆŒแ‰ชแ‹ฅแŠ• แŠ แ‹จแˆญ แˆžแŒˆแ‹ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆ‹แˆˆแˆ›แˆแŠ• แ‰ แ‹ญแ‹ แ‰ƒแˆ แˆ˜แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ต።
• แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹จแ‰ต แ‹จแˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆƒแˆณแ‰ฅแŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแŒฝ แАแƒแАแ‰ต แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แ‹ณแ‰ แˆญ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒ แ‰ แ‰… แ‹จแˆšแŠ•แ‰€แˆณแ‰€แˆฐแ‹ แ‹จแ‰ฐแ‰ฃแ‰ แˆฉแ‰ต แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ณแ‰ต แˆแ‹ฉ แˆซแ–แˆญแ‰ฐแˆญ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŒŽแ‰ แŠ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแŒแˆ แ‹จแˆ…แ‰ตแˆ˜แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแ‰ฅแˆฎแ‹ตแŠซแˆตแ‰ต แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ›-แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แ‹ซแˆ‰แ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŒˆแˆ˜แŒแˆ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแˆ แ‰ แŠฅแˆตแˆญ แˆ‹แ‹ญ แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ซแŒ แŠ“ แŒแ‰ฅแ‹ฃ แˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ።
แ‹จแŠ แ‹แˆฎแ“ แˆ…แ‰ฅแˆจแ‰ต แŠ แ‰ฃแˆ แˆƒแŒˆแˆซแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹ฉแŠ“แ‹ญแ‰ตแ‹ต แˆตแ‰ดแ‰ตแˆตแŠ• แŒจแˆแˆฎ แˆˆแ‹“แˆˆแˆแ‹“แ‰€แ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆˆแŒ‹แˆพแ‰ฝ
• แ‰ แ‹˜แˆแ‰€แ‹ฐ แ‹จแ‰ณแˆฐแˆฉ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แ‹ˆแŠ•แŒ€แˆ แˆ…แŒ‰ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แŒธแˆจ-แˆฝแ‰ฅแˆญ แŠ แ‹‹แŒ แˆ˜แˆฐแˆจแ‰ต แ‹จแ‰ฐแŠจแˆฐแˆฑ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แŒฆแˆ›แˆชแ‹ซแŠ• แ‰ แˆ™แˆ‰ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแˆแ‰ฑ แ‰ แ‹ญแ‹ แŒฅแˆช แˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ แŠ แŠ“ แ‰ แ‰ฐแŠ“แŒฅแˆ แŒซแŠ“ แˆ›แˆณแ‹ฐแˆญ።
• แ‹จแŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝ แ‹จแแˆญแ‹ต แ‰คแ‰ต แŠญแˆญแŠญแˆญ แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ต แ‹“แˆˆแˆแ‹“แ‰€แ แ‹จแแˆญแ‹ต แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ต แˆ˜แˆตแˆแˆญแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹ซแˆŸแˆ‹ แˆ˜แˆ†แŠ‘แŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แ‹จแแˆญแ‹ต แˆ‚แ‹ฐแ‰ต แŠญแ‰ตแ‰ตแˆ‰แŠ• แˆ›แˆปแˆปแˆ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ˜แŒจแˆ˜แˆญ።
• แ‹จแ‰ณแˆฐแˆฉ แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แŒฆแˆ›แˆชแ‹ซแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแŒˆแŠ™แ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แˆˆแˆ˜แŒˆแˆแŒˆแˆ แŠฅแˆตแˆญ แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แˆ›แ‰†แ‹ซ แŒฃแ‰ขแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แŒŽแ‰ฅแŠ˜แ‰ต แŒฅแ‹ซแ‰„ แˆ›แ‰…แˆจแ‰ฅ።
• แˆƒแˆณแ‰ฅแŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แŒแˆˆแŒฝ แАแƒแАแ‰ตแŠ• แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฑ แŠ แˆณแˆณแ‰ข แŒ‰แ‹ณแ‹ฎแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆฐแ‰ฅแ‹“แ‹Š แˆ˜แ‰ฅแ‰ต แŒฅแˆฐแ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆแˆ›แ‰ตแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹ฐแˆ…แŠ•แАแ‰ตแŠ• แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแˆšแŒŽแ‹ฑ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆตแŒ‹แ‰ต แˆˆแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆตแˆแŒฃแŠ“แ‰ต แ‰ แ‹ญแ‹ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ แŒแˆ แˆ˜แŒแˆˆแ…።
• แŒˆแˆˆแˆแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‹จแŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠแАแ‰ต แˆ›แˆ…แ‰ แˆญ แ‹จแˆšแˆแŒ แˆญแ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แŒจแˆแˆฎ แ‹จแŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ›-แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แ‹จแˆ™แ‹ซ แ‰ฅแ‰ƒแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแ‹ณแ‰ฅแˆญ แ‹ตแŒ‹แ แˆ›แ‰ แˆญแŠจแ‰ต፤ แŠจแŠ แ‹ฒแˆต แŠ แ‰ แ‰ฃ แ‹แŒญ แˆˆแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แˆˆแŒแˆ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ›-แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹ฉ แŠฅแ‹ตแˆŽแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŠ–แˆซแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ›-แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แŠ แ‰…แˆแŠ• แˆˆแˆ›แˆณแ‹ฐแŒ แ‹ซแˆˆแˆ™ แŠฅแŠ•แ‰…แˆตแ‰ƒแˆดแ‹Žแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŠซแ‰ฐแ‰ฑ แˆแ‹ฉ แŒฅแˆจแ‰ต แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ።
• แАแŒป แŒ‹แ‹œแŒฆแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆŒแˆ‹ แŠ แ‹ญแАแ‰ต แˆ…แ‰ตแˆ˜แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ณแ‹Š แ‹ซแˆแˆ†แŠ‘ แ‹ˆแ‹ญแˆ แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แ‰แŒฅแŒฅแˆญ แˆตแˆญ แ‹ซแˆแŒˆแ‰ก แˆ›แ‰ฐแˆšแ‹ซ แˆ˜แˆณแˆชแ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‹จแˆšแ‹ซแŒˆแŠ™แ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แˆ˜แŠ•แŒˆแ‹ต แˆˆแˆ›แˆ˜แ‰ปแ‰ธแ‰ต แ‹ตแŒ‹แ แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ።
แ‰ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แˆˆแ‰ฐแ‹ซแ‹™ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠจแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แŒ‹แˆญ แ‰ตแˆตแˆตแˆญ แˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆ›แ‰ฐแˆšแ‹ซ แ‰คแ‰ถแ‰ฝ
• แŠจแˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ต แŒ‹แˆญ แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹จ แ‰ตแˆตแˆตแˆญ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แˆ…แ‰ตแˆ˜แ‰ถแ‰ฝ แŠจแˆšแ‰ณแ‰ฐแˆ™แ‰ แ‰ต แ‹จแŒŠแ‹œ แˆฐแˆŒแ‹ณ แ‰ แˆšแŒฃแŒ แˆ แˆ˜แˆแŠฉ แˆแˆ‰แŠ•แˆ แˆแ‰ƒแ‹ต แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แ‹จแŒแˆ แˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ› แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แˆ…แ‰ตแˆ˜แ‰ถแ‰ฝแŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฐแŒˆแ‰ขแ‹ แ‹จแŒŠแ‹œ แŒˆแ‹ฐแ‰ฅ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แŒแ‰ฃแ‰ฅ แ‰ฃแˆˆแ‹ แˆแŠ”แ‰ณ แ‰ แŒˆแˆˆแˆแ‰ฐแŠแАแ‰ต แˆ›แ‰ฐแˆ።
แ‰ แŠขแ‰ตแ‹ฎแŒตแ‹ซ แ‹แˆตแŒฅ แˆˆแˆšแŒˆแŠ™ แ‹จแ‹แŒญ แˆฌแ‹ตแ‹ฎ แŠฅแŠ“ แ‰ดแˆŒแ‰ชแ‹ฅแŠ• แŠ แˆตแ‰ฐแˆ‹แˆ‹แŠแ‹Žแ‰ฝ
• แ‹จแ‰ฐแˆˆแ‹จ แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‹จแˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆแŠ•แŒฎแ‰ฝ แˆˆแˆ˜แˆˆแ‹จแ‰ต แ‹จแˆšแŒ แ‰€แˆ™แ‰ แ‰ตแŠ• แŠ แˆฐแˆซแˆญ แˆ›แŒ แŠ“แŠจแˆญ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹แ‹แŠ• แˆˆแˆ˜แ‰€แАแˆต แ‹จแˆšแ‹ˆแˆตแ‹ฑแ‰ตแŠ• แŠฅแˆญแˆแŒƒ แˆ›แ‹ณแ‰ แˆญ፤ แ‹ญแˆ…แˆ แ‹จแŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ก แˆ›แŠ•แАแ‰ต แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ณแ‹ญแ‰ณแ‹ˆแ‰… แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒ፣ แˆ›แŠ•แАแ‰ณแ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แ‰ แ‰ฐแˆ˜แˆˆแŠจแ‰ฐ แ‹ซแˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹แŠ• แˆ˜แˆจแŒƒ แˆšแˆตแŒฅแˆซแ‹Š แŠ แ‹ตแˆญแŒŽ แˆ›แˆตแ‰€แˆ˜แŒฅ แŠฅแŠ“ แŠจแแ‰ฐแŠ› แ‰ณแ‹‹แ‰‚แАแ‰ต แˆ‹แˆ‹แ‰ธแ‹ แŒแˆˆแˆฐแ‰ฆแ‰ฝ แ‹ซแˆˆแ‹แŠ• แŠ แ‹ฐแŒ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฒแŒˆแАแ‹˜แ‰กแ‰ต แˆ›แ‹ตแˆจแŒแŠ• แ‹ญแŒจแˆแˆซแˆ፡፡
แˆˆแŠฌแŠ•แ‹ซ፣ แ‹ฐแ‰กแ‰ฅ แˆฑแ‹ณแŠ• แŠฅแŠ“ แ‹ฉแŒ‹แŠ•แ‹ณ แˆ˜แŠ•แŒแˆตแ‰ณแ‰ต
• แŒ‹แ‹œแŒ แŠžแ‰ฝ แŠฅแŠ“ แˆŒแˆŽแ‰ฝ แ‹จแˆ˜แŒˆแŠ“แŠ› แ‰ฅแ‹™แˆƒแŠ• แ‰ฃแˆˆแˆ™แ‹ซแ‹Žแ‰ฝแŠ• แŒจแˆแˆฎ แŒฅแŒˆแŠแАแ‰ต แŒ แ‹ซแ‰‚แ‹Žแ‰ฝ แˆˆแŒฅแŒˆแŠแАแ‰ต แˆ›แˆ˜แˆแŠจแ‰ปแ‰ธแ‹ แ‰ แŠ แ‹แŒฃแŠ แˆแˆ‹แˆฝ แˆ˜แˆตแŒ แ‰ต แŠฅแŠ“ แˆŠแ‹ฐแˆญแˆตแ‰ฃแ‰ธแ‹ แŠจแˆšแ‰ฝแˆˆแ‹ แŒฅแ‰ƒแ‰ต แŠจแˆˆแˆ‹ แŠฅแŠ•แ‹ฐแ‰ฐแˆฐแŒฃแ‰ธแ‹ แˆ›แˆจแŒ‹แŒˆแŒฅ።
source Zehabesha

Wednesday, January 14, 2015

ESAT Interview with Wondimagegn Gashu and His Wife Jan 2015 | ESATTUBE

ESAT Interview with Wondimagegn Gashu and His Wife Jan 2015 | ESATTUBE

The people pushed out of Ethiopia's fertile farmland


A young Mursi woman with a traditional plate in her lip
The construction of a huge dam in Ethiopia and the introduction of large-scale agricultural businesses has been controversial - finding out what local people think can be hard, but with the help of a bottle of rum nothing is impossible. 
After waiting several weeks for letters of permission from various Ethiopian ministries, I begin my road trip into the country's southern lowlands. 
I want to investigate the government's controversial plan to take over vast swathes of ancestral land, home to around 100,000 indigenous pastoralists, and turn it into a major centre for commercial agriculture, where foreign agribusinesses and government plantations would raise cash crops such as sugar and palm oil.
After driving 800km (497 miles) over two days through Ethiopia's lush highlands I begin my descent into the lower Omo valley. Here, where palaeontologists have discovered some of the oldest human remains on earth, some ancient ways of life cling on. 

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Some tourists can be found here seeking a glimpse of an Africa that lives in their imagination. But the government's plan to "modernise" this so-called "backward" area has made it inaccessible for journalists.
As my jeep bounces down into the valley, I watch as people decorated in white body paint and clad in elaborate jewellery made from feathers and cow horn herd their cows down the dusty track. 
I arrive late in the afternoon at a village I won't name, hoping to speak to some Mursi people - a group of around 7,000 famous for wearing huge ornamental clay lip plates. 
Mursi woman with lip plate
The Mursi way of life is in jeopardy. They are being resettled to make way for a major sugar plantation on their ancestral land - so ending their tradition of cattle herding. 
Meanwhile, a massive new dam upstream will reduce the Omo River, ending its seasonal flood - and the food crops they grow on its banks. 
It is without doubt one of the most sensitive stories in Ethiopia and one the government is keen to suppress. 
Human rights groups have repeatedly criticised schemes like this, alleging that locals are being abused and coerced into compliance. 
I'd spoken to local senior officials in the provincial capital of Jinka, before travelling into the remote savannah. 
The suspicion is palpable as the chief of the south Omo zone lectures me. Local people and the area's reputation have been greatly harmed by the negative reports by foreigners, he says. 
Eventually a frank exchange takes place and I secure verbal permission to report on the changes taking place in the valley.
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The Gibe III Dam
The Omo valley, 2012The Omo River 
  • Situated approximately 300km south-west of the capital Addis Ababa, the dam is 246m high
  • Work started in July 2006 and was estimated to take 118 months (nearly 10 years)
  • The government says it will provide much needed-power and help develop the country's economy
  • Authorities say no-one has been forced from their home 
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It seems prudent to let the Mursi tribe and attendant police warm to my presence before I start asking questions. After all, I have the whole evening. 
But a brief chat with the tribe ends abruptly with the entrance of a police officer, wearing a replica Manchester United football shirt, vehemently waving a dog-eared copy of the country's constitution. 
I am prohibited from talking to anyone and must immediately climb back into my jeep, drive back up the mountain and return to Jinka, he says. 
As often in Ethiopia, he doesn't explain exactly why. 
I object to driving through the wilderness at dusk on safety grounds and so a compromise is reached: I will pitch my hammock outside the police station, a short stroll away from the village, with armed guards watching my every move. 
The political boss of the zone comes on the two-way radio. "This is house arrest," I protest. "No, just a misunderstanding," he replies. 
A Mursi person in Ethiopia
The prospect of returning home without interviews is unthinkable. My ruse is to distract my captors. 
I sit them down for a meal of pasta and vegetables - and brimming beakers of spiced rum - in front of my laptop, which is playing an Ethiopian comedy.
After saying good night I strike out through the scrubland. 
I run without sense of direction through bush and bog, crawl under fences, and negotiate large herds of noisy cattle. I have to find a village elder I met earlier, and interview him before policemen and their flashlights turn up. 
So I am relieved to stumble on two boys milking their cows in the moonlight. They lead me to the elder's hut. The sound of so many rudely-awakened animals in our wake fills me with dread that searchlights are heading our way. 
The moment arrives. I squat in front of the elder inside his mud dwelling, surrounded by his sleeping companions: several cows, a goat and a cat. My dictaphone is poised to record truths heard by few journalists in this media-muzzled region. 
I ask him in broken Amharic what is going on. He tells me: "The government is telling us to sell our cattle and modernise like townspeople - they say our land is the property of the sugar corporation. We have not been asked what we want or need. 
"If we do not accept the resettlement plans, we'll be taken to jail. How can we survive if we have no access to land, cattle or water?"
I promptly thank the elder for his time, apologise for disrupting his evening and head back to my open-air jail. 
On reaching my hammock I find several dozing policemen and an empty bottle of rum. Mission accomplished. 
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The Mursi people
Mursi people
  • About 10,000 Mursi people live in Ethiopia
  • Traditionally insert pottery plates known as debhinya in the lower lips of young women
  • They live in an area surrounded by the rivers Mara, Omo and Mago, which flow into Lake Turkana
  • Mursi territory was incorporated into Ethiopia during the reign of King Menelik II in the 19th Century
  •          Source  BBC